Edward Teller

Edward Teller was an eminent and controversial theoretical physicist. He was born as Teller Ede in Budapest (Hungary) on January 15, 1908. He died in his home on the Stanford campus (Palo Alto, California) on September 9, 2003.

Edward Teller was one of the most controversial scientists of the 20th century because of his role as the main developer of the hydrogen bomb, his outspoken defense of an unassailable nuclear arsenal, and support for President Reagan's Strategic Defensive Initiative ("Star Wars"). During the McCarthy era he alienated many of his colleagues by his testimony in the 1954 security clearance hearings of J. Robert Oppenheimer, his former colleague and director of the Los Alamos Laboratory.

Edward Teller in 1958
Courtesy Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.

Biography

Youth

Edward Teller was born to Max Teller and Idona Deutsch, who both were assimilated Hungarian Jews. Edward's mother Idona was an accomplished pianist who gave up her aspirations to a concert career when she married Edward's father, who was a lawyer. As a young boy Edward experienced a short and fierce communist dictatorship under Béla Kun (March 21, 1919 – August 1, 1919); it has been suggested that his rabid aversion of communism in later life was rooted in this experience. The Hungarian communists were soon ousted by Rear Admiral Miklós Horthy who headed a fascist regime until the end of World War II.

Edward entered in 1918 the famous gymnasium "Minta" (an advanced German type of high school founded by the father of Theodore von Kármán), where he met his later wife Augusta Maria ("Mici") Harkanyi, who was a sister of one of Edward's closest friends. The Harkanyis were from Jewish descent but had converted to Christianity. After finishing the gymnasium, Edward spent a few months at the university in Budapest, but moved early January 1926 to Karlsruhe in Germany to study chemical engineering. Karlsruhe was at that time the seat of one of the most outstanding technical universities of the country. In the spring of 1928 Edward left the field of chemical engineering and moved to Munich to study theoretical physics under Arnold Sommerfeld, a great mathematical physicist who contributed importantly to the development of quantum mechanics. Shortly after his arrival in Munich, Edward jumped of a moving streetcar, stumbled, and got his right foot ran over by the streetcar that he jumped from. The doctors were unable to save his foot, so for the rest of his life he had a prosthetic one, that did not keep him from being an able table tennis player. He also was a very good pianist.

When, after four months, Edward had recovered, he decided to switch universities again and to go to Leipzig to do his Ph.D. work under Werner Heisenberg, one of the founders of quantum mechanics, who a year earlier had been appointed in Leipzig to the chair of theoretical physics. He finished his doctorate work in the amazingly short period of just over a year and got his degree early 1930, just 22 years old. His Ph.D. work, which was on the excited states of the one-electron system H₂⁺, gave rise to his first publication.

Young scientist

After obtaining his doctorate Teller moved to the birth place of quantum mechanics, the theoretical physics institute of the University of Göttingen. Here he worked mainly on subjects in theoretical molecular physics. For instance, he wrote with the Russian physicist Georg Rumer (Yurij Borisovich Rumer) and the German mathematician Hermann Weyl about chemical bonding theory from the point of view of group theory. He worked with the German experimental spectroscopist Gerhard Herzberg on the effect of the vibrations of molecules on electronic transitions, which was one of the first papers that went beyond the Born-Oppenheimer approximation. With the Czech physicist George Placzek he worked on the theory of Raman spectra. He advised a Göttinger student, Rudolph Renner, on his Ph.D. research. This resulted in a paper (without Teller) about an effect that later came to be known as the Renner-Teller effect.

In the early spring of 1933 all Jewish personnel of all German universities were fired, including Teller. He found a lecturer position at the Sir William Ramsay Laboratories of Physical and Inorganic Chemistry, University College London, but went soon after his appointment to Copenhagen because he had received a Rockefeller stipend for that purpose. In Copenhagen he spent an 8 months sabbatical leave at the institute of Niels Bohr. While in Denmark, Eduard (as he called himself at that time) married on February 26, 1934 his old girlfriend Mici Harkanyi. Back in London at the William Ramsay Lab, he met Hermann Jahn, a British physicist of German descent, who worked at the Royal Institution. The two wrote a paper together containing material that may well be Teller's most famous contribution to basic science: the Jahn-Teller effect. Briefly, the effect is that a highly symmetric non-linear molecule distorts to a geometry of lower symmetry when the electronic state of the molecule is degenerate, that is, when there is more than one electronic wave function describing the same state of the molecule. The distortion of the molecular geometry causes the degeneracy to be lifted.

Move to the USA

Soon after his return to London, Teller received an invitation to become full professor at George Washington University. His friend, the Russian emigré George Gamow, at that time professor of physics at this university, had recommended him to the university authorities, who were looking for an expansion of their physics department with a few theoreticians. After some deliberation—Mici and Edward had just bought a house in London—they decided to cross the Atlantic and to continue their life in the US. In Washington D.C., where the Tellers arrived in August 1935, Edward started a fruitful cooperation with George Gamow. In 1936 they published an important work in nuclear physics about—what is now known as—the Gamow-Teller decay of nuclei. The work was followed by several astrophysical papers on red giants and rates of thermonuclear reactions occurring in stars.

In the summer of 1939, while Teller was teaching summer courses in physics at Columbia University in New York, he met again his old Hungarian friends Leo Szilard and Eugene Wigner. The three physicists were quite excited about the recent discovery (December 1938) of nuclear fission (splitting of nuclei) and especially Szilard foresaw the possibility of nuclear chain reactions that would liberate enormous amounts of energy. The three Jewish Hungarians decided that the American president Franklin D. Roosevelt should be informed about the possibility and capacity of the atomic bomb, especially because Nazi Germany could be expected to build one. They judged that Einstein, with his enormous prestige, would be the person to write a letter to the president. First Szilard and Wigner visited Einstein, who was summering on Long Island, and when a second visit to Einstein appeared necessary, Teller drove Szilard to Einstein and took notes (in German) and edited the letter. This letter, translated by Teller and Wigner and undersigned by Einstein, was handed on October 11, 1939 to the president by Alexander Sachs, a personal friend of the president. Historians are divided about the influence that Einstein's letter had on the decision to start the Manhattan project two years later. For instance, Abraham Pais, an important biographer of Einstein's, believes that its influence was "marginal".

On March 4, 1941 after Hitler had occupied much of Europe and a few months before he ordered the invasion of the Soviet Union, the Tellers became US citizens.

Atomic bomb

In 1941 Teller moved to Columbia University to cooperate with Enrico Fermi on nuclear fission and in the early summer of 1942 he joined Fermi at the University of Chicago to work on world's first nuclear reactor; Fermi had switched from Columbia to Chicago in April of that year. In June 1942, Teller was invited together with other prominent theoretical physicists to be part of Robert Oppenheimer's top secret summer seminar, an early stage of the Manhattan Project, that was taking place in Berkeley. The participants reviewed the general theory of fission reactions, quickly concluded that a fission bomb was feasible, and provided the theoretical basis for the design of such a bomb. The conference convinced Oppenheimer of the benefits of having a single centralized laboratory to manage the research for the bomb project rather than having specialists spread out at different places across the United States. After Oppenheimer had found a remote site in New Mexico at Los Alamos suitable for the laboratory that he—as scientific director—would create, the work on the construction of the atomic bomb started in earnest. In April 1943 the Tellers moved as one of the first families to Los Alamos where Edward became group leader in the Theoretical Physics division. However, already then, Teller's obsession with the fusion bomb caused tensions with others, particularly with Hans Bethe, the division leader who pragmatically aimed for the development of a fission bomb before he would even contemplate the use of thermonuclear fusion reactions for weapons. Because of his obsession with thermonuclear weapons ("hydrogen bombs"), Teller's contributions to the development of the atomic bomb turned out to be less than could be expected from a man with his extraordinary talents.

After atomic bomb explosions over Hiroshima and Nagasaki (August 1945) had ended the war with Japan, Teller left Los Alamos on the first of February 1946 to return to the University of Chicago where he would cooperate with Enrico Fermi and Maria Goeppert-Mayer; he remained lab consultant, however. The new director of Los Alamos, Norris Bradbury—who after the war had succeeded Oppenheimer—had offered Teller to stay on, but since a Los Alamos policy decision was made not to initiate a crash program on the development of thermonuclear bombs, Teller preferred to leave and return to basic science.

Hydrogen bomb

Almost a year after the end of WW II a secret conference was held at Los Alamos on April 18-20, 1946, in which the properties of thermonuclear fuels, such as deuterium and tritium, and a design by Teller of a thermonuclear device (the "Super") were discussed. Ironically, one of the participants of this super secret seminar was Klaus Fuchs, who later turned out be a Soviet spy. All participants agreed that the ignition of the deuterium-tritium mixture requires so much energy that it can only be delivered by a conventional atomic bomb. But it was also concluded that prohibitive amounts of the very rare and expensive isotope tritium would be needed to start a fusion chain reaction of deuterium nuclei. When later was discovered that Klaus Fuchs had reported Teller's design of the super—that he had learned at the seminar—to Moscow, Oppenheimer said that he wished that the Soviets had paid more attention to Fuchs' information, because the thing would be a dud. Shortly after the conference at Los Alamos, Teller drafted a conference report that concluded the opposite, saying that a hydrogen bomb was feasible, and that its development must be part of the highest national policy. The government, however, did not comply; for several years after the war no development work on thermonuclear devices was carried out in the USA.

After cold war had broken out and Teller's country of birth had been renamed the "People's Republic of Hungary" on May 15, 1949, meaning that it had become a communist state, Teller returned to Los Alamos. Intending to spend a year on leave of absence from Chicago, he joined the laboratory staff in July 1949. A short time later the Western world was shocked by the explosion on the 29th of August 1949, of Joe I, a 20 kiloton Soviet atomic bomb. President Truman, who did not want to seem to shoot from the hip, waited until January 31, 1950 before announcing that he had directed "the Atomic Energy Commission to continue its work on all forms of atomic weapons, including the so-called hydrogen or super bomb." Although Teller knew that his design of the "super" would not work, he applauded the decision of the president.

In Los Alamos Teller set Stanislaw Ulam and Cornelius Everett to work on model calculations of the super. During the summer of 1950 Enrico Fermi gave very insightful advise on these calculations. The conclusion of the computations was devastating to Teller, too much energy would escape the fusion fuel, the super would simply smother out after ignition by an atomic bomb. Teller was furious and accused Ulam of obstruction. At the end of 1950 it occurred to Ulam that deuterium under very high pressure might be explosive. He thought of a design which he referred to as "hydrodynamic lenses and radiation mirrors" to concentrate the neutrons that come free during the explosion of the atomic bomb, so that they could provide the required pressure. After some hesitation, he told Teller of his idea. During their conversations Teller realized that the electromagnetic radiation escaping from the atomic bomb explosion would reach the fusion area before the neutrons and that electromagnetic pressure could serve better the purpose of generating high pressure. The design of the hydrogen bomb that came out of these conversations was written up in a report dated March 9, 1951 and is usually called the Teller-Ulam design. Teller found it intolerable that someone shared credit for an invention that he, Teller, had been working and thinking on, for about a decade. Until the end of his life Teller gave interviews belittling Ulam's contribution.

The Teller-Ulam design was the break-through that the thermonuclear program was waiting for and the Los Alamos lab immediately decided to implement it. A special team was formed of which Teller expected to be the leader. However, the Los Alamos director, Bradbury, appointed Marshall Holloway to lead it, mainly because he felt that Teller was too chaotic and unorganized to be a group leader. Angry and disappointed, Teller resigned and went at the end of September 1951 to Berkeley, where he worked with Ernest Lawrence on establishing a rival national nuclear weapons laboratory. The laboratory was built in Livermore, 30 miles Southeast of Berkeley. It opened in 1952 and still exists; since 1971 it is called Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.

In the meantime work in Los Alamos on the first thermonuclear device progressed steadily. The nuclear fuel of the device was liquid deuterium, which posed a technical challenge because it is only liquid (at moderate pressures) below −250 °C. However, the technical problems were solved and world's first thermonuclear explosion found place on Eniwetok atoll, November 1, 1952, 7.15 am local time. The power of the device, code named Ivy Mike, was about 5 million tons, about 300 Hiroshima bombs.

Although Teller was not involved in the engineering phases of Ivy Mike, he subtly claimed its fatherhood. When he saw in Berkeley on the seismograph that the explosion had actually taken place, he sent a telegram to Los Alamos with the content: "it is a boy". When people later called Teller the "father of the American hydrogen bomb", he did not object.

(To be continued)

Bibliography

• S. A. Blumberg and G. Owens, The Life and Times of Edward Teller, G. P. Putnam's Sons, New York (1976)
• Richard Rhodes, Dark Sun, Simon & Schuster, Inc. New York (1995)
• S. B. Libby and M. S. Weiss, Edward Teller's Scientific Life, Physics Today, vol. 57(8) pp. 45–50 (2004)
• H. Brown and M. May, Edward Teller in the Public Arena, Physics Today, vol. 57(8) pp. 51–53 (2004)

External link

Edward Teller's Scientific Legacy Lecture on Teller's achievements in physics by Stephen B. Libby, 2005