Republic of Yemen

See also: Yemen

See also: U.S. policy towards Yemen

The formal government of Yemen is the Republic of Yemen, formed, in 1990, from North Yemen (a part of the Ottoman Empire until 1918), and South Yemen (a British protectorate until 1967). North Yemen had existed as the Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen until 1962 and as the Yemen Arab Republic thereafter, with a capital in Sanaa, and South Yemen as the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen, having Aden as its capital. Ali Abdallah Salih, former president of North Yemen, is the current head of state.

While the Republic has an obvious Presidential system with legislative and judicial branches, Yemen has a unique combination of central and tribal government. While Yemen has formal governance mechanisms, the power of tribal leadership cannot be understated. Al-Qaeda has been reported to be focusing on building tribal alliances.

Government corruption is a severe problem. Human Rights Watch reported, in December 2009, that the government was dominated by northerners, who suppressed southern interests, , although the political dynamics of Yemen are far more complex than the binary distinction between North and South.

Executive

Yemen's head of state is the President of Yemen, who appoints the head of government and Prime Minister of Yemen as well as the vice president. The cabinet is appointed by the president with advice of the prime minister.

Ali Abdallah Salih, the incumbent President, had been president of North Yemen, and became national president when the two Yemens merged. He was reelected for a seven-year term on 20 September 2006, with 77.2% of the vote, and Faysal bin Shamlan receiving 21.8%. Bin Shamlan, who had held posts in the Salih government, died, of a long illness, in 2009.

Ali Muhammad Mujjawar has been Prime Minister since 31 March 2007.

The Foreign Minister of Yemen, Abubakr al-Qirbi, and deputies, have been the spokesmen below the head of state level.

Legislative

There is a legislative branch, but it is largely advisory. The bicameral structure consists of a Presidentially-appointed Shura Council of 111 seats and an elected House of Representatives of 301 seats.

A scheduled election was deferred to 2011.

Security issues

See also: U.S. policy towards Yemen

There is more than one internal security problem in Yemen, although Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP) gains the most attention. The Yemen Post reports that a major conflict between the U.S. and Yemen is that Washington will not put the Houthi movement on its list of terrorists; it also criticized civilian casualties from a 17 December raid on AQAP.

As a matter of fundamental policy, Yemen has said it will not allow "foreign troops" on its soil. Yemen has never and will never accept any foreign troops on its territories,' the source said, quoted by the Defence Ministry's weekly newspaper, the 26 September. He said the Arab country 'will continue its unabated open war against the terrorist elements and outlaws and it is capable of pursuing those terrorist elements,' the unnamed source said. The Yemeni source said that 'fighting terrorism is a Yemeni interest in the first instance.'

The source also said Yemen 'will not accept any terrorist on its soil' and that the country 'will not become a safe haven for terrorists.'

The remarks come one week ahead of an international conference on Yemen due to be held in London on January 27.

The U.K. and U.S. Embassies briefly closed, in January 2010, over what was called a specific (but unspecified) security threat; the U.S. Embassy reopened after Yememenite forces conducted a raid that killed two terrorist suspects.

Resident organizations

Hamas and Palestinian Islamic Jihad are legal in Yemen and have overt presence there.

Houthi movement

Mostly in North Yemen, Houthi rebels, named for their leader, Abdul Malik al-Houthi, are of the Shi'a minority. A peace accord signed in July 2008, is tenuous. Houthis have crossed the border into Saudi Arabia and been attacked by the Saudis; they have asked for help from Iran.

Southern secession movement

A secessionist movement in South Yemen, headquartered in Aden, asks the question, according to the Christian Science Monitor, posed by a member of the minority Yemeni Socialist Party, "Eighty percent of Yemen’s oil comes from the south but where does the money go? It goes to Sanaa. The people of the south have not benefited from any of this wealth and now it is running out." Also unnamed, a Northern government member says “The south has all the resources and only one third of the population. We cannot allow them to secede,” said a member of the opposition party Islah in the capital, who spoke on condition of anonymity because he is not authorized to speak for the party. “Northerners will fight to keep Yemen together. They know it is a matter of survival.”

Al-Qaeda

Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP) has attacked targets in the country as well as operating transnationally; a suicide bombing against Korean tourists in March 2009 was one indication of domestic security problems. The group is a merger between Saudi and Yemenite groups. Its actions had been largely contained to the Arabian Peninsula, but it appears responsible for the attempted suicide bombing of a U.S. aircraft on 25 December 2009.

This is a newer Al-Qaeda "affiliate" than the others, and seems to have learned from their missteps. As opposed, in particular, to operations in Afghanistan, Iraq, Saudi Arabia and Sudan, the group is largely "home-grown" and cooperates much more effectively with existing tribal structures. "They've worked hard to put deep, and what they hope are lasting, roots that will make it very difficult for them to be rooted out of Yemen," says Gregory Johnsen, a Yemen expert at Princeton University. "They've done a good job of looking at the mistakes that other versions of al Qaeda have made elsewhere."

Its leader appears to be Nasser al-Wahishi‎.

Yemen's President has offered dialogue with AQAP members, if they "...lay down their arms, renounce terrorism and return to wisdom, we are prepared to deal with them...They are a threat not only to Yemen but also to international peace and security.”

According to Ali Hasan al-Ahmadi, the governor of the southern Shabwa Province, said: “There are dozens of Saudi and Egyptian al-Qaeda militants who came. This is in addition to Yemenis who came from Maarab and Abyan Provinces and a number of militants from Shabwa itself.” The Times said that intelligence agencies may have been overly focused on Abdul Majid al-Zindani, who is now seen as an older and less influential figure, and had only recently woken up to the danger of the energetic younger Anwar al-Awlaki.

International relations

There will be a 27 January 2010 meeting, called by Gordon Brown, aboutthe radicalization and the al-Qaeda threat in Yemen.

Yemeni Prime Minister Ali Mujawar will represent Yemen in the gathering that will bring together representatives from governments of 21 countries including the United State, the United Kingdom, Arab Gulf, Russia, Germany, Spain, France, Canada, Italy and the Netherlands.