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| | The cultures of '''[[Korea]] and [[Japan]]''' are distinct but highly related given the shared origins of the peoples who came to inhabit the islands of Japan and the [[Korean peninsula]]. Both cultures also developed from much that is rooted in China: their [[written language]]s, for instance both involve [[Chinese character]]s, though their uses are reserved for specific purposes and are much less common in the modern states of [[North Korea|North]] and [[South Korea]]. Relations between these three nations, as well as links with the [[People's Republic of China]] and [[Taiwan]], have varied from cordial to strained since the close of [[World War II]]. |
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| ==Japanese invasions of Korea (1592-1598)== | | ==Japanese invasions of Korea (1592-1598)== |
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| The '''Japanese invasions of Korea''' were a major conflict between [[Japan]] and the alliance of the [[Ming Dynasty|China]] and [[Joseon Dynasty|Korea]] during the years of [[1592]] and [[1598]]. The land and naval battles took place almost entirely on the Korean peninsula and its nearby waters, although the [[Shogun|Japanese leader]] [[Toyotomi Hideyoshi]]’s main objective in the war was to conquer China. The war consisted of two main invasions from Japan – the first from the years of 1592 and 1593, and the second from 1597 to 1598. The war finally ended during the last months of the year 1598 with the Japanese withdrawal and the [[Battle of Noryang|naval battle]] at the straits of [[Noryang]].
| | == The Chinese Tributary System in the 16th Century == |
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| The war is known by several other English titles, including the '''Hideyoshi's invasions of Korea''', in context of Hideyoshi’s biography; the '''Seven Year War''', in reference to the war’s duration; and the '''Imjin War''', in reference to the first year of the war in [[Korean language|Korean]] (See [[Sexagenery Cycle]]).<ref name="yonhap">{{cite news
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| | title = Today in Korean History
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| | pages =
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| | language = English
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| | publisher = Yonhap News Agency of Korea
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| | date = [[2006-11-28]]
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| | url = http://find.galegroup.com/itx/infomark.do?&contentSet=IAC-Documents&type=retrieve&tabID=T004&prodId=ITOF&docId=A155053120&source=gale&srcprod=ITOF&userGroupName=tel_middleten&version=1.0
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| | accessdate = 2007-03-24 }}</ref>
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| == Background ==
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| === East Asia and the Chinese Tributary System ===
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| In the late [[16th century]], the [[Ming Dynasty]] of [[China]] dominated the [[East Asia]]n geopolitics. In 1392, the Korean General [[King Taejo|Yi Seong-gye]] led a successful coup against [[King U]] of the [[Goryeo Dynasty]], and founded [[Joseon]].<ref name="Joongang126">Jang, Pyun-soon. pp. 123-132</ref> In search of a justification for its rule given the lack of a royal bloodline, the new regime received recognition from [[China]] and integration into its tributary system within the context of the [[Mandate of Heaven]].<ref name="Edward7">Rockstein, Edward D., Ph.D. pp. 7</ref> Under [[Ashikaga Yoshimitsu]]'s reign during the late 15th century, Japan, too, gained a seat in the [[tribute|tributary system]] (lost by 1547, see ''[[hai jin]]'').<ref name="Edward10-11">Rockstein, Edward D., Ph.D. pp. 10-11</ref><ref>Villiers pp. 71</ref> Within this [[List of tributaries of Imperial China|tributary system]], [[China]] assumed the role of a big brother, [[Korea]] the middle brother, and [[Japan]] the younger brother.<ref name="Alagappa117">[http://books.google.com/books?id=rnNnOxvm3ZwC&pg=PA117&lpg=PA117&dq=china+tributary+system+big+brother+korea&source=web&ots=IIlObnPWEw&sig=8oDox81E5Vwsm0kr3ESGGVaCq0o Alagappa, Muthiah pp. 117]</ref>
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| Unlike the situation over a thousand years earlier where Chinese dynasties had an antagonistic relations with the largest of the Korean polities (see [[‎List of Chinese invasions of Goguryeo]]), the Joseon Dynasty had a close trading and diplomatic relations with [[Ming Dynasty|Ming]] China, and also a continuous trade relations with Japan.<ref name="Sansom142">Sansom, George. pp. 142, 167-180.</ref> The two dynasties, Ming and Joseon, shared much in common: both emerged during the fourteenth century at the fall of the Mongolian rule, embraced the [[Confucian]] ideals in society, and faced similar external threats (the [[Jurchen]] raiders and the Japanese [[Wakō]] pirates).<ref name="turnbull11">Turnbull, Stephen. 2002, pp. 11.</ref> As for the internal, both China and Korea were troubled with fights among the competing political factions, which would significantly influence the decisions made by the Koreans prior to the war, and those made during the war by the Chinese. <ref name="SWOPE771">Swope. 2002. pp. 771</ref><ref>Turnbull, Stephen. 2002, pp. 13.</ref> Dependence on each other for trade and also having common enemies resulted in Korea and Ming China having a friendly relationship.
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| ==Notes== | | ==Notes== |
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| <references/> | | <references/> |
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| | ==See also== |
| | *[[Korea]] |
| | *[[North Korea]] |
| | *[[South Korea]] |
| | *[[Japan]] |
| | *[[Culture of Japan]] |
| | *[[Culture of Korea]] |
| | *China |
| | *[[People's Republic of China]] |
