I (letter): Difference between revisions
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The short sound: '''fíll, íf, guíld, buíld, síx, twín, líd, kíd, Índia, tíff, gíft, gíve, líve, wíth, hís, bít, quít, Ítaly, knít, contrítion, nutrítion, optícian, sít, líd, quíp, ríp, quíz''' (cf. '''cýst'''). | The short sound: '''fíll, íf, guíld, buíld, síx, twín, líd, kíd, Índia, tíff, gíft, gíve, líve, wíth, hís, bít, quít, Ítaly, knít, contrítion, nutrítion, optícian, sít, líd, quíp, ríp, quíz''' (cf. '''cýst'''). | ||
íe substituting for final '''ỳ''' before the suffixes -'''ed''' and -'''s''' also has this sound: '''wòrríes, hóbbíes, flúrríes''' (all -íz), '''wòrríed, rállíed, cárríed''' (all -íd). | íe substituting for final '''ỳ''' before the suffixes -'''ed''' and -'''s''' also has this sound: '''wòrríes, hóbbíes, flúrríes''' (all -íz), '''wòrríed, rállíed, cárríed''' (all -íd). Some younger BrE speakers are regularising these words to '''hóbbìês''' (-êez), '''wòrrìêd''', etc. | ||
The long sound is a diphthong consisting of '''à''' and '''ê''': '''sîde, clîent, plîant, nîght, whîte, sîgn, mîne, trîumph, tîe, sîze, lîfe, nîce, vîe, pî''' ''number'' = '''pîe''' ''eat'', '''hî''' ''hello'' = '''hîgh''' ''up. | The long sound is a diphthong consisting of '''à''' and '''ê''': '''sîde, clîent, plîant, nîght, whîte, sîgn, mîne, trîumph, tîe, sîze, lîfe, nîce, vîe, pî''' ''number'' = '''pîe''' ''eat'', '''hî''' ''hello'' = '''hîgh''' ''up. | ||
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There can be a similar effect before the suffixes -'''cia''', -'''sia''' and -'''tia''': '''Galìcia''' (-ìssiə), '''Patrícia''' (-íshə), '''Alícia''' (more often -íssiə than -íshə), '''Âsia''' (*Ashə or Âzhə), '''amnêsia, Maláysia, Indonêsia''' (all for most speakers -zhə), '''Croâtia''' (*Crôwâshə), '''milítia, inërtia''' (both -shə) - and in AmE '''Tunisia''' (*Toô-nìzhə) but not in BrE (Chû-nízìə). | There can be a similar effect before the suffixes -'''cia''', -'''sia''' and -'''tia''': '''Galìcia''' (-ìssiə), '''Patrícia''' (-íshə), '''Alícia''' (more often -íssiə than -íshə), '''Âsia''' (*Ashə or Âzhə), '''amnêsia, Maláysia, Indonêsia''' (all for most speakers -zhə), '''Croâtia''' (*Crôwâshə), '''milítia, inërtia''' (both -shə) - and in AmE '''Tunisia''' (*Toô-nìzhə) but not in BrE (Chû-nízìə). | ||
The '''ïr''' sound: '''gïrl, fïrst, bïrth''' birthday (= bërth ship), gïrth, fïr tree (= für cat) and stïr, is the same sound as in nërve, türn and wörm wriggle (cf. wårm hot, wŏrn wear). | The '''ïr''' sound: '''gïrl, fïrst, bïrth''' ''birthday'' (= '''bërth''' ''ship''), '''gïrth, fïr''' ''tree'' (= '''für''' ''cat'') and '''stïr''', is the same sound as in '''nërve, türn''' and '''wörm''' ''wriggle'' (cf. '''wårm''' ''hot'', '''wŏrn''' ''wear''). | ||
===Irregular i’s=== | ===Irregular i’s=== | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
Revision as of 15:30, 23 December 2008
I is a letter of the Latin alphabet. It is the ninth letter of most variants of the Latin alphabet, being placed after H and before J: for instance it is the case in the English alphabet. Its English name is pronounced [ˈaɪ], that is just like I, eye and aye (Î, eŷe and aŷe: the accents show stress and pronunciation: see English phonemes).
I is also the Roman numeral representing the number 1.
Use in English
i represents various vowel sounds.
The short sound: fíll, íf, guíld, buíld, síx, twín, líd, kíd, Índia, tíff, gíft, gíve, líve, wíth, hís, bít, quít, Ítaly, knít, contrítion, nutrítion, optícian, sít, líd, quíp, ríp, quíz (cf. cýst).
íe substituting for final ỳ before the suffixes -ed and -s also has this sound: wòrríes, hóbbíes, flúrríes (all -íz), wòrríed, rállíed, cárríed (all -íd). Some younger BrE speakers are regularising these words to hóbbìês (-êez), wòrrìêd, etc.
The long sound is a diphthong consisting of à and ê: sîde, clîent, plîant, nîght, whîte, sîgn, mîne, trîumph, tîe, sîze, lîfe, nîce, vîe, pî number = pîe eat, hî hello = hîgh up.
Also, unstressed in final position: álibî, nûclêî (cf. spŷ, more commonly y in monosyllables) and before two consonants: pînt, lîthe, blîthe.
The first person singular subject pronoun Î is always capitalised.
Some British speakers emphasise their social superiority by pronouncing the î before r in words like wîre and fîre as if it were an à, so that fîre sounds like fàr: this is not a practice to recommend to foreign learners. Similarly, the pronunciation can be as extreme as a very long *fú in the American South.
îe substitutes for final ŷ before suffixes -ed and -s: crîes, flîes, drîed, prîes, relîed.
î occurs after ê (like in German) in seîsmic.
A third sound, long also, pronounced like ê, usually in words from Latin languages: machìne, elìte, Janìne, Christìna, polìce, Argentìna, skì, ballerìna, and unstressed: piâno (where it resembles the consonantal sound of 'y') Nàzì, Chrístìne or Christìne, mézzanìne, qùarantìne, and also Benìn. This ending can also be -îne: fîne, dîne, undermîne, and -íne when unstressed: exámíne, detërmíne, ërmíne.
"i before e c" remains a good rule, and except after w also applies, with the exception of wìêld (and also in Nêil, Shêila and Kêith). ei after c also has the ì sound: decêit, cêiling, recêive - and similarly after w: wêird, wêir - though not in wèigh, wèight heavy (= wây how, wâit time).
The third sound of ì merges into a preceding s to make the 'zh' sound in -sion: vísion, derísion, lêsion, télevísion, revísion, and into preceding c and t to make the 'sh' sound in -cious and -tion: précious, spêcious, ignítion, nâtion, creâtion, posítion, abstráction, inténtion, méntion, and into x to make a 'ksh' sound in -xious: ánxious, nóxious (*ánkshəss, *nókshəss).
There can be a similar effect before the suffixes -cia, -sia and -tia: Galìcia (-ìssiə), Patrícia (-íshə), Alícia (more often -íssiə than -íshə), Âsia (*Ashə or Âzhə), amnêsia, Maláysia, Indonêsia (all for most speakers -zhə), Croâtia (*Crôwâshə), milítia, inërtia (both -shə) - and in AmE Tunisia (*Toô-nìzhə) but not in BrE (Chû-nízìə).
The ïr sound: gïrl, fïrst, bïrth birthday (= bërth ship), gïrth, fïr tree (= für cat) and stïr, is the same sound as in nërve, türn and wörm wriggle (cf. wårm hot, wŏrn wear).
Irregular i’s
| spelling | pronunciation | |
| again | *əgén or əgâin | |
| against | *əgénst or əgâinst | |
| croissant | *kwússón (French nasal -on) | |
| impasse | (regular) ímpasse, (irregular) *ámpasse (á or à) | |
| lingerie | BrE *lánzhəry, AmE *lànjerèy (è stressed) | |
| meringue | *meráng | |
| reveille | *reválly | |
| said | *séd | |
Final i is usually unstressed î: álibî, nùclêî, rábbî, Mâgî. Also: pî number (= pîe eat) - but not usually in monosyllables: skì, dôh-rè-mì (mì = mê mine) and not in nationalities: Sàudì (*Sòwdi), Pakistānì, nor in girls’ names: Térrì, Dórì, Nâomì, Jácquì (-kì) nor in Italian words: raviôlì, spaghéttì, conféttì, Rossìnì.
Double i is very rare and usually accidental: skìíng, Shìîte, râdìî, Hawàiì (*Ha-wài-ì: three syllables) and cóniìne.
-ice: In monosyllables: twîce, nîce, trîce, thrîce, vîce, lîce, prîce and in: sácrifîce, devîce, advîce but -íce usually in words of more than one syllable: pôultíce, crévíce, nótíce, láttíce, Véníce, hóspíce, órifíce, nóvíce. But: polìce.
-ive: Adjectives have an unstressed -íve: obtrûsíve, abûsíve, tålkatíve, demónstratíve, contémplatíve, progréssíve, regréssíve, inclûsíve and nouns: môtíve, explêtíve, dîgestíve (noun or adjective) while verbs have a stressed -îve: contrîve, arrîve, deprîve, revîve, but: líve (verb) lîve (adjective) alîve (adjective).
-ible, or -able (see also under a): sénsible, respónsible, póssible, éligible, suscéptible, convërtible.
In more recent formations from nouns and verbs -able is usual: êatable (cf. édible) pálatable, unbreâkable, unrepêatable, classifîable, relîable (in)dispénsable and also, to prevent -ii-, vîable. ii does, however, occur in two words, skìing and Hawàìi (*Həwàì). See under a for the suffixes -icle, -ical, -acle, and -age (*-íj).
The merely negative prefix dís- (distâsteful, disâbled, disinclîned) sounds exactly like another, dýs-, which means bad: dýsentery, dysléxia, dysfúnction.
i is redundant in friénd, pláit, sûit, frûit, jûice, slûice, crûise, brûise, recrûit, pursûit, nûisance, pàrliament, cárriage, márriage (both -ríj).