Focke-Wulf Fw-190
The Focke-Wulf Fw 190 was a fighter aircraft used by the German Luftwaffe during World War II. Designed by the Engineer Kurt Tank, it was a reply to a request from RLM for a second generation piston fighter with enclosed cockpit and retractable landing gear, to eventually substitute the then-new Messerschmitt Bf 109.
Some design characteristics of the Fw 190 were uncomon for the time: it used a radial aircooled engine instead of a watercooled inline engine. The watercooled inline had become the choice in recent years, with some of the more advanced designs (like the Messerschmitt Bf 109, the Supermarine Spitfire and the Hawker Hurricane) using it, due to the aerodynamical advantage (low drag) of a better profiling of the nose. An aircooled radial, however, had a greater potential for power, and the design team felt it was possible to overcome the drag disadvantage by a a careful work on the spinner. Other details included a wide landing gear, which helped pilot's work while taking off, landing and taxiing, and a canopy with very little frames, unlike the Bf 109, therefore helping pilot visibility.
First flown, in V-O guise, on June 1, 1939, it went through a somewhat troubled development process, mainly due to heating problems in the aircooled, radial BMW engines. By 1941, the new fighter was ready, and production started. The new fighter operated mainly in the Western Front at first, so it had a very good chance of measuring itself against the best of RAF's Fighter Command aircraft. Reports by the british pilots indicate the Fw 190 was a superior machine to anything the RAF could field, even their best overall fighter of the moment, the Spitfire Mk.V.
Development of the basic Fw 190 A (radial engine) went from A-0 of 1941 to the A-8 of 1944. By then, the aircraft had spawned larger wings, more powerful engines, and an array of armament that kept it as on of the best and most feared fighters. There were also dedicated attack versions, F and G, developed from the basic A model, with better protection for the pilot. These versions eventually came to replace almost all Junkers Ju 87 Stukas in the ground attack role.
One area where the Fw 190 kept on lagging behind was high altitude flight. The designer team came to realise this, and identified the cause in the engine, which was not suited for high altitude work. Therefore, after several years of protacted development, a watercooled, inline engine was eventually approved for a new version of the fighter, which kept most of the structured, except for a slight allongation in front of the rudder to offset the allongation on the nose required by the new engine. This was known as the Fw 190 D-9, also called "Dora-9", and came into production in 1944.
By then, it was too late to change the course of war. The Luftwaffe struggled against fuel and pilot shortages, a heavily crippled war idustry, due to constant bombings, and no real possibilities os breakthrough. Kept on the defensive, the Fw 190 D-9 proved a formidable opponent, it's pilots frequently battling against overwhelming odds, and still accountig for a very significant tally of kills.