Europe/Addendum

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https://en.citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=Europe/Addendum&printable=yes
This addendum is a continuation of the article Europe.

The states of Europe

state capital official
state
language 		area
(km²) 		population
(2010)[1] 		European
Union
member 		eurozone
member 		Council
of
Europe
member 		NATO
member 		GDP/head
2009
$
[2] 		exports
 % GDP
2009
[3] 		public
debt
% GDP
2009 		unemploy-
ment %
2009 		IMF
category
[4]
Albania Tirana Albanian
28,748
2,986,952
 application
submitted
•
•
      8,373    29    58       12.8    E
Andorra Andorra la Vella Catalan
468
84,525
 euro user
without
agreement
•
              7.0    
Armenia
(edge of Europe) 		Yerevan Armenian
29,743
2,966,802
•
    12           7.1    E
Austria Vienna German
83,871
8,214,160
•
•
•
    38,363       66       4.8    A
Azerbaijan
(edge of Europe) 		Baku Azeri
86,600
8,303,512
•
     9,638    51           6.0    E
Belarus Minsk Belarussian
207,600
9,612,632
    13,039    51           1.0    E
Belgium Brussels Dutch,
French,
German
30,528
10,423,493
•
•
•
•
    36,249    73    101       7.9    A
Bosnia and Herzegovina Sarajevo Bosnian,
Croatian,
Serbian
51,197
4,621,598
 potential
candidate 		  € peg[5]
•
     8,491    33    44       40    E
Bulgaria Sofia Bulgarian
110,879
7,148,78
•
   € peg[5]
•
•
    13,332    48    15       9.1    E
Croatia Zagreb Croatian
56,594
4,486,881
 candidate
•
•
    19,805    36    46       16    E
Cyprus
(edge of Europe) 		Nicosia Greek,
Turkish
9,251
1,102,677
•
•
•
       52       5.3    
Czechia Prague Czech
78,867
10,201,707
•
•
•
    25,232    70    34       8.1    A
Denmark Copenhagen Danish
43,094
5,515,575
•
   € peg[5]
•
•
    36,762    48    42       4.3    A
Estonia Tallinn Estonian
45,228
1,291,170
•
   € peg[5]
•
•
    19,451    71    7       13.8    E
Finland Helsinki Finnish,
Swedish
338,145
5,255,068
•
•
•
    34,720    37    40       8.2    A
France Paris French
551,500[6]
643,427[7]
62,814,233[6]
64,768,389[7]
•
•
•
•
    33,655    23    78       9.1    A
Georgia
(edge of Europe) 		Tbilisi Georgian
69,700
4,600,825
•
     4,774    30               E
Germany Berlin German
357,022
82,282,988
•
•
•
•
    36,267    41    73       7.5    A
Greece Athens Greek
131,957
10,749,943
•
•
•
•
    29,663    19    113       9.4    A
Hungary Budapest Hungarian
93,028
9,992,339
•
   € peg[5]
•
•
    19,764       78       10    E
Iceland Reykjavík Icelandic
103,000
308,910
 candidate
•
•
    37,595    53    114       8.0    A
Ireland Dublin Irish,
English
70,273
4,622,917
•
•
•
    41,278    89    65       11.8    A
Italy Rome Italian
301,340
58,090,681
•
•
•
•
    31,909    24    116       7.8    A
Kazakhstan
(edge of Europe) 		Astana
(in Asia) 		Kazakh
2,724,900
15,460,484
    11,509    52    14       6.3    E
Kosovo Priština Albanian,
Serbian
10,887
1,815,048
 potential
candidate 		euro user
without
agreement 		        41           16.6    
Latvia Riga Latvian
64,589
2,217,969
•
   € peg[5]
•
•
    15,413    42    37       17    E
Liechtenstein Vaduz German
160
35,002
•
           
Lithuania Vilnius Lithuanian
65,300
3,545,319
•
   € peg[5]
•
•
    16,747        30       14    E
Luxembourg Luxembourg German/
Luxembourgish,
French
2,586
497,538
•
•
•
•
        169           5.7    A
Republic of Macedonia
(FYROM) 		Skopje Macedonian
25,713
2,072,086
 candidate
•
    10,823    44           32    E
Malta
(edge of Europe) 		Valletta Maltese,
English
316
406,771
•
•
•
           69       7.0    A
Moldova Chișinău Romanian
(“Moldovan”)
33,851
4,317,483
•
     2,854    37           3.1    E
Monaco (city-sate) French
2
30,586
 euro user
by
agreement
•
                      
Montenegro Podgorica Serbian
(“Montenegrin”)
13,812
666,730
 candidate euro user
without
agreement
•
    13,292    33    38       15    E
Netherlands The Hague,
Amsterdam 		Dutch
41,543
16,783,092
•
•
•
•
    40,715    69    61       4.5    A
Norway Oslo Norwegian
323,802
4,676,305
•
•
    55,672    42    50       3.2    A
Poland Warsaw Polish
312,685
38,463,689
•
   € peg[5]
•
•
    19,059    39    46       11    E
Portugal Lisbon Portuguese
92,090
10,735,765
•
•
•
•
    24,569    28    77       9.5    A
Romania Bucharest Romanian
238,391
21,959,278
•
•
•
    14,199    33    24       7.8    E
Russia
(edge of Europe) 		Moscow Russian
17,098,242
139,390,205
•
    18,962    28           8.4    E
San Marino City of
San Marino 		Italian
61
31,477
 euro user
by
agreement
•
                  
Serbia Belgrade Serbian
77,474
7,344,847[8]
 application
submitted
•
    11,719    27    31       17    E
Slovakia Bratislava Slovakian
49,035
5,470,306
•
•
•
•
    22,356    99    36       11    A
Slovenia Ljubljana Slovenian
20,273
2,003,136
•
•
•
•
    27,004    59    31       9.2    A
Spain Madrid Spanish
505,370
46,505,963
•
•
•
•
    32,545    23    53       18    A
Sweden Stockholm Swedish
450,295
9,074,055
•
•
    37,905    42    42       8.3    A
Switzerland Bern German,
French,
Italian,
Romansh
41,277
7,623,438
•
    45,117    52    41       3.7    A
Turkey
(edge of Europe) 		Ankara Turkish
783,562
77,804,122
 candidate
•
•
    13,885    23    46       14    E
Ukraine Kyiv Ukrainian
603,550
45,415,596
•
     6,317    46           8.8    A
United Kingdom London English
243,610
62,348,447
•
•
•
    36,496    28    68       7.5    
Vatican City (city-state,
inside
Rome) 		Italian,
Latin
0.44
829
 euro user
by
agreement 		                 

Note that Europe includes the following, de facto, independent territories, with no or very little international recognition: Abkhazia (edge of Europe), Nagorno-Karabakh (edge of Europe), Northern Cyprus (edge of Europe), South Ossetia (edge of Europe) and Transnistria.

The languages of Europe

The following list presents the current, autochtonous languages of Europe, classified by language families. Various, recently claimed languages that are not widely—or not yet—recognised by the linguist community are not enlisted here.[9] Each table matches with a lower range language family. Languages are presented in a geographic order, mainly from west to east and from north to south.

Basque language

language approximate
location 		official status in:
(R = regional, official status) 		vitality
Basque Spain, France Spain (R) endangered

Indo-European languages

Celtic languages

language approximate
location 		official status in:
(R = regional, official status) 		vitality
Irish Ireland, United Kingdom Ireland endangered
Scottish Gaelic United Kingdom United Kingdom (R) endangered
Manx Isle of Man endangered
Welsh (Cymric) United Kingdom United Kingdom (R) endangered
Cornish United Kingdom endangered
Breton France endangered

Germanic languages

language approximate
location 		official status in:
(R = regional, official status) 		vitality
Icelandic Iceland Iceland
Faroese Faroe Islands Faroe Islands (R)
Norwegian Norway Norway
Swedish Sweden, Finland Sweden, Finland
Danish Denmark, Sweden Denmark (endangered in Sweden)
English United Kingdom United Kingdom, Ireland
Frisian Netherlands, Germany endangered
Dutch (Netherlandic) Netherlands, Belgium, France, Germany Netherlands, Belgium
Low German (Low Saxon, Saxon) Germany, Netherlands endangered
German (High German) Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Luxembourg, Liechtenstein, Italy, France Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Luxembourg, Liechtenstein, Italy (R) (endangered in France)
Yiddish scattered across Central Europe endangered

Romance languages

language approximate
location 		official status in:
(R = regional, official status) 		vitality
Galician-Portuguese Portugal, Spain Portugal, Spain (R) (endangered in Spain)
Asturian-Leonese Spain, Portugal Portugal (R) endangered
Spanish (Castilian) Spain Spain
Aragonese Spain endangered
Catalan Spain, France, Andorra, Italy Andorra, Spain (R) endangered
Occitan (Lenga d'Òc, Provençal) France, Italy, Spain, Monaco Spain (R) endangered
Francoprovençal (Arpitan) France, Switzerland, Italy endangered
French (Langue d'Oïl) France, Belgium, Switzerland, Channel Islands France, Belgium, Switzerland, Luxembourg, Monaco (endangered in the Channel Islands)
Romansh Switzerland Switzerland endangered
Ladin Italy endangered
Friulian Italy endangered
Northern Italian (Padanian) Italy, Switzerland, Monaco, San Marino, Slovenia, Croatia endangered
Italian Italy Italy, Switzerland, San Marino
Corsican France, Italy endangered
Sardinian Italy endangered
Romanian Romania, Moldova, Balkans Romania, Moldova

Baltic languages

language approximate
location 		official status in:
(R = regional, official status) 		vitality
Latvian Latvia Latvia
Lithuanian Lithuania Lithuania

Slavic languages

language approximate
location 		official status in:
(R = regional, official status) 		vitality
Sorbian (Lusatian) Germany Germany (R) endangered
Kashubian Poland endangered
Polish Poland Poland
Czech Czechia Czechia
Slovakian Slovakia Slovakia
Belarussian Belarus, Russia Belarus endangered
Ukrainian Ukraine, Poland, Slovakia Ukraine
Russian Russia Russia, Belarus, Moldova (R)
Slovenian Slovenia, Italy, Austria Slovenia (endangered in Italy and Austria)
Croatian (Serbo-Croatian) Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosnian (Serbo-Croatian) Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia and Herzegovina
Serbian (Serbo-Croatian) (including Montenegrin) Serbia, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, Croatia Serbia, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo
Macedonian (Slavomacedonian) Republic of Macedonia, Greece Republic of Macedonia (endangered in Greece)
Bulgarian Bulgaria, Greece Bulgaria (endangered in Greece)

Albanian

language approximate
location 		official status in:
(R = regional, official status) 		vitality
Albanian Albania, Kosovo, Republic of Macedonia, Greece Albania, Kosovo (endangered in Greece)

Greek

language approximate
location 		official status in:
(R = regional, official status) 		vitality
Greek (Hellenic) Greece, Cyprus, Albania, Turkey Greece, Albania (endangered in Albania, Turkey and Northern Cyprus)

Indo-Iranian languages

language approximate
location 		official status in:
(R = regional, official status)) 		vitality
Ossetic Russia, South Ossetia South Ossetia endangered
Zaza Turkey endangered
Kurdish Turkey endangered
language approximate
location 		official status in:
(R = regional, official status) 		vitality
Romany (Romani, Gypsy, Gipsy) scattered across Europe endangered

Armenian

language approximate
location 		official status in:
(R = regional, official status) 		vitality
Armenian Armenia, Nagorno-Karabakh, Turkey Armenia, Nagorno-Karabakh (endangered in Turkey)

Afro-Asiatic languages

Semitic languages

language approximate
location 		official status in:
(R = regional, official status) 		vitality
Maltese Malta Malta
Arabic Turkey endangered
Aramaic Turkey endangered

Uralic languages

Finno-Ugric languages

language approximate
location 		official status in:
(R = regional, official status) 		vitality
Sami (Lappish) Norway, Sweden, Finland, Russia endangered
Finnish (including Karelian) Finland, Russia, Sweden Finland (endangered in Russia and Sweden)
Estonian Estonia Estonia
Livonian Latvia endangered
Veps Russia endangered
Komi Russia Russia (R) endangered
Udmurt Russia Russia (R) endangered
Mari Russia Russia (R) endangered
Erza Russia Russia (R) endangered
Moksha Russia Russia (R) endangered
Hungarian (Magyar) Hungary, Slovakia, Romania, Austria, Serbia Hungary (endangered in Slovakia, Romania, Austria and Serbia)

Samoyedic languages

language approximate
location 		official status in:
(R = regional, official status) 		vitality
Nenets Russia endangered

Altaic languages

Turkic languages

language approximate
location 		official status in:
(R = regional, official status) 		vitality
Turkish Turkey, Cyprus, Greece, Bulgaria Turkey, Cyprus (endangered in Greece and Bulgaria)
Gagauz Moldova, Ukraine Moldova (R) endangered
Chuvash Russia Russia (R) endangered
Crimean Tatar Ukraine endangered
Volga Tatar (Kazan Tatar) Russia Russia (R) endangered
Bashkort (Bashkir) Russia Russia (R) endangered
Kumyk Russia endangered
Karachay-Balkar Russia Russia (R) endangered
Nogay Russia Russia (R) endangered
Azeri (Azerbaijani) Azerbaijan, Iran Azerbaijan

Mongolian

language approximate
location 		official status in:
(R = regional, official status) 		vitality
Mongolian (including Kalmyk) Russia Russia (R) endangered

North Caucasian languages

The unity of the North Caucasian family is debated among specialists.

Northwest Caucasian languages

language approximate
location 		official status in:
(R = regional, official status) 		vitality
Abkhaz-Abaza Abkhazia, Russia Abkhazia endangered
Circassian (Adyghe, Kabardian) Russia Russia (R) endangered

Northeast Caucasian languages

language approximate
location 		official status in:
(R = regional, official status) 		vitality
Chechen Russia Russia (R) endangered
Ingush Russia Russia (R) endangered
many languages of Daghestan, including: Bats, Avar, Andi, Lak, Dargwa, Lezgian, Tabasaran, Aghul, Udi, Rutul, etc. Russia, Azerbaijan (R) (for some of them) endangered

Kartvelian languages (South Caucasian languages)

language approximate
location 		official status in:
(R = regional, official status) 		vitality
Georgian Georgia Georgia (R)
Svan Georgia endangered
Mingrelian Georgia endangered
Laz Turkey, Georgia endangered

Footnotes

  1. ↑ Estimation in 2010 according to The World Factbook (CIA)
  2. ↑ At purchasing power parity rates[1]
  3. ↑ Exports of goods and services (% of GDP), World Bank, 2010
  4. ↑ A = advanced, E = developing and emerging
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 Non-member with currency pegged to the euro
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Without overseas regions.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 With overseas regions.
  8. ↑ Without Kosovo.
  9. ↑ See, for example, a serious, scientific survey of the languages of Europe in: BADIA I CAPDEVILA Ignasi (2002) Diccionari de les llengües d’Europa, coll. Diccionaris temàtics, Barcelona: Enciclopèdia Catalana.
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