Europe/Addendum

The states of Europe

state	capital	official state language	European Union member	Council of Europe member	NATO member
Albania	Tirana	Albanian	application submitted	•	•
Andorra	Andorra la Vella	Catalan		•
Armenia (edge of Europe)	Erevan	Armenian		•
Austria	Vienna	German	•	•
Azerbaijan (edge of Europe)	Baku	Azeri		•
Belarus	Minsk	Belarussian
Belgium	Brussels	Dutch, French, German	•	•	•
Bosnia and Herzegovina	Sarajevo	Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian	potential candidate	•
Bulgaria	Sofia	Bulgarian	•	•	•
Croatia	Zagreb	Croatian	candidate	•	•
Cyprus (edge of Europe)	Nicosia	Greek, Turkish	•	•
Czechia	Prague	Czech	•	•	•
Denmark	Copenhagen	Danish	•	•	•
Estonia	Tallinn	Estonian	•	•	•
Finland	Helsinki	Finnish, Swedish	•	•
France	Paris	French	•	•	•
Georgia (edge of Europe)	Tbilisi	Georgian		•
Germany	Berlin	German	•	•	•
Greece	Athens	Greek	•	•	•
Hungary	Budapest	Hungarian	•	•	•
Iceland	Reykjavík	Icelandic	candidate	•	•
Ireland	Dublin	Irish, English	•	•
Italy	Rome	Italian	•	•	•
Kazakhstan (edge of Europe)	Astana (in Asia)	Kazakh
Kosovo	Priština	Albanian, Serbian	potential candidate
Latvia	Riga	Latvian	•	•	•
Liechtenstein	Vaduz	German		•
Lithuania	Vilnius	Lithuanian	•	•	•
Luxembourg	Luxembourg	German/ Luxembourgish, French	•	•	•
Republic of Macedonia (FYROM)	Skopje	Macedonian	candidate	•
Malta (edge of Europe)	Valletta	Maltese, English	•	•
Moldova	Chișinău	Romanian (“Moldovan”)		•
Monaco	(city-sate)	French		•
Montenegro	Podgorica	Serbian (“Montenegrin”)	candidate	•
Netherlands	The Hague, Amsterdam	Dutch	•	•	•
Norway	Oslo	Norwegian		•	•
Poland	Warsaw	Polish	•	•	•
Portugal	Lisbon	Portuguese	•	•	•
Romania	Bucharest	Romanian	•	•	•
Russia (edge of Europe)	Moscow	Russian		•
San Marino	City of San Marino	Italian		•
Serbia	Belgrade	Serbian	application submitted	•
Slovakia	Bratislava	Slovakian	•	•	•
Slovenia	Ljubljana	Slovenian	•	•	•
Spain	Madrid	Spanish	•	•	•
Sweden	Stockholm	Swedish	•	•
Switzerland	Bern	German, French, Italian, Romansh		•
Turkey (edge of Europe)	Ankara	Turkish	candidate	•	•
Ukraine	Kyiv	Ukrainian		•
United Kingdom	London	English	•	•	•
Vatican City	(city-state, inside Rome)	Italian, Latin

Note that Europe includes the following, de facto, independent territories, with no or very little international recognition: Abkhazia (edge of Europe), Nagorno-Karabakh (edge of Europe), Northern Cyprus (edge of Europe), South Ossetia (edge of Europe) and Transnistria.

The languages of Europe

The following list presents the current, autochtonous languages of Europe, classified by language families. Various, recently claimed languages that are not widely—or not yet—recognised by the linguist community are not enlisted here. Each table matches with a lower range language family. In each table, languages are presented in a geographic order, mainly from west to east and from north to south.

Basque language

language	approximate location	official status in: (R = regional, official status)	vitality
Basque	Spain, France	Spain (R)	•

Indo-European languages

Romance languages

language	approximate location	official status in: (R = regional, official status)	vitality
Galician-Portuguese	Portugal, Spain	Portugal, Spain (R)	(endangered in Spain)
Asturian-Leonese	Spain, Portugal	Portugal (R)	endangered
Spanish	Spain	Spain
Aragonese	Spain		endangered
Catalan	Spain, France, Andorra, Italy	Andorra, Spain (R)	endangered
Occitan	France, Italy, Spain, Monaco	Spain (R)	endangered
Francoprovençal (Arpitan)	France, Switzerland, Italy		endangered
French	France, Belgium, Switzerland, Channel Islands	France, Belgium, Switzerland, Luxembourg, Monaco	(endangered in the Channel Islands)
Romansh	Switzerland	Switzerland	endangered
Ladin	Italy		endangered
Friulian	Italy		endangered
Northern Italian	Italy, Switzerland, Monaco, San Marino, Slovenia, Croatia		endangered
Italian	Italy	Italy, Switzerland, San Marino
Corsican	France, Italy		endangered
Sardinian	Italy		endangered
Romanian	Romania, Moldova, Balkans	Romania, Moldova

Germanic languages

language	approximate location	official status in: (R = regional, official status)	vitality
Icelandic	Iceland	Iceland
Faroese	Faroe Islands	Faroe Islands (R)
Norwegian	Norway	Norway
Swedish	Sweden, Finland	Sweden, Finland
Danish	Denmark, Sweden	Denmark	(endangered in Sweden)
English	United Kingdom	United Kingdom, Ireland
Frisian	Netherlands, Germany		endangered
Dutch	Netherlands, Belgium, France, Germany	Netherlands, Belgium
Low German	Germany, Netherlands		endangered
German	Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Luxembourg, Liechtenstein, Italy, France	Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Luxembourg, Liechtenstein, Italy (R)	(endangered in France)
Yiddish	scattered across Central Europe		endangered

Slavic languages

language	approximate location	official status in: (R = regional, official status)	vitality
Sorbian (Lusatian)	Germany	Germany (R)	endangered
Kashubian	Poland		endangered
Polish	Poland	Poland
Czech	Czechia	Czechia
Slovakian	Slovakia	Slovakia
Belarussian	Belarus, Russia	Belarus	endangered
Ukrainian	Ukraine, Poland, Slovakia	Ukraine
Russian	Russia	Russia, Belarus, Moldova (R)
Slovenian	Slovenia, Italy, Austria	Slovenia	(endangered in Italy and Austria)
Croatian (Serbo-Croatian)	Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina	Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosnian (Serbo-Croatian)	Bosnia and Herzegovina	Bosnia and Herzegovina
Serbian (Serbo-Croatian) (including Montenegrin)	Serbia, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, Croatia	Serbia, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo
Macedonian	Republic of Macedonia, Greece	Republic of Macedonia	(endangered in Greece)
Bulgarian	Bulgaria, Greece	Bulgaria	(endangered in Greece)

Baltic languages

language	approximate location	official status in: (R = regional, official status)	vitality
Latvian	Latvia	Latvia
Lithuanian	Lithuania	Lithuania

Celtic languages

language	approximate location	official status in: (R = regional, official status)	vitality
Irish	Ireland, United Kingdom	Ireland	endangered
Scottish Gaelic	United Kingdom	United Kingdom (R)	endangered
Manx	Isle of Man		endangered
Welsh	United Kingdom	United Kingdom (R)	endangered
Cornish	United Kingdom		endangered
Breton	France		endangered

Indo-Iralian languages

• Iranian languages

language	approximate location	official status in: (R = regional, official status))	vitality
Ossetic	Russia, South Ossetia	South Ossetia	endangered
Zaza	Turkey		endangered
Kurdish	Turkey		endangered

• Indo-Aryan languages

language	approximate location	official status in: (R = regional, official status)	vitality
Romany	scattered across Europe		endangered

Greek

language	approximate location	official status in: (R = regional, official status)	vitality
Greek	Greece, Cyprus, Albania	Greece, Albania	(endangered in Albania)

Albanian

language	approximate location	official status in: (R = regional, official status)	vitality
Albanian	Albania, Kosovo, Republic of Macedonia, Greece	Albania, Kosovo	(endangered in Greece)

Armenian

language	approximate location	official status in: (R = regional, official status)	vitality
Armenian	Armenia, Nagorno-Karabakh, Turkey	Armenia, Nagorno-Karabakh	(endangered in Turkey)

Afro-Asiatic languages

Semitic languages

language	approximate location	official status in: (R = regional, official status)	vitality
Maltese	Malta	Malta
Arabic	Turkey		endangered

Uralic languages

Finno-Ugric languages

language	approximate location	official status in: (R = regional, official status)	vitality
Sami (Lappish)	Norway, Sweden, Finland, Russia		endangered
Finnish (including Karelian)	Finland, Russia, Sweden	Finland	(endangered in Russia and Sweden)
Estonian	Estonia	Estonia
Livonian	Latvia		endangered
Veps	Russia		endangered
Komi	Russia	Russia (R)	endangered
Udmurt	Russia	Russia (R)	endangered
Mari	Russia	Russia (R)	endangered
Erza	Russia	Russia (R)	endangered
Moksha	Russia	Russia (R)	endangered
Hungarian	Hungary, Slovakia, Romania, Austria, Serbia	Hungary	(endangered in Slovakia, Romania, Austria and Serbia)

Samoyedic languages

language	approximate location	official status in: (R = regional, official status)	vitality
Nenets	Russia		endangered

Altaic languages

Turkic languages

language	approximate location	official status in: (R = regional, official status)	vitality
Turkish	Turkey, Cyprus, Greece, Bulgaria	Turkey, Cyprus	(endangered in Greece and Bulgaria)
Gagauz	Moldova, Ukraine	Moldova (R)		endangered
Chuvash	Russia	Russia (R)	endangered
Crimean Tatar	Ukraine		endangered
Volga Tatar	Russia	Russia (R)	endangered
Bashkort (Bashkir)	Russia	Russia (R)	endangered
Kumyk	Russia		endangered
Karachay-Balkar	Russia	Russia (R)	endangered
Nogay	Russia	Russia (R)	endangered
Azeri	Azerbaijan, Iran	Azerbaijan

Mongolian language

language	approximate location	official status in: (R = regional, official status)	vitality
Mongolian (Kalmyk)	Russia	Russia (R)	endangered

North Caucasian languages

The unity of the North Caucasian family is debated among specialists.

Northwest Caucasian languages

language	approximate location	official status in: (R = regional, official status)	vitality
Abkhaz-Abaza	Abkhazia, Russia	Abkhazia	endangered
Circassian (Adyghe, Kabardian)	Russia	Russia (R)	endangered

Northeast Caucasian languages

language	approximate location	official status in: (R = regional, official status)	vitality
Chechen	Russia	Russia (R)	endangered
Ingush	Russia	Russia (R)	endangered
many languages in Russia (Daghestan) and Azerbaijan, including: Bats, Avar, Andi, Lak, Dargwa, Lezgian, Tabasaran, Aghul, Udi, Rutul, etc.	Russia, Azerbaijan	(R) (for some of them)	endangered

Kartvelian languages (South Caucasian languages)

language	approximate location	official status in: (R = regional, official status)	vitality
Georgian	Georgia	Georgia (R)
Svan	Georgia		endangered
Mingrelian	Georgia		endangered
Laz	Turkey, Georgia		endangered