Glycemic index: Difference between revisions
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==Physiology== | ==Physiology== | ||
===Glycemic index=== | |||
"The glycemic index factor is a ranking of foods based on their overall effect on blood sugar levels. Low glycaemic index foods, such as lentils, provide a slower more consistent source of glucose to the bloodstream, thereby stimulating less insulin release than high glycaemic index foods, such as white bread."<ref name="pmid17636786">{{cite journal |author=Thomas D, Elliott E, Baur L |title=Low glycaemic index or low glycaemic load diets for overweight and obesity |journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev |volume=3 |issue= |pages=CD005105 |year=2007 |pmid=17636786 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD005105.pub2}}</ref><ref name="pmid6259925">{{cite journal |author=Jenkins DJ ''et al.'' |title=Glycemic index of foods: a physiological basis for carbohydrate exchange |journal=Am. J. Clin. Nutr. |volume=34 |pages=362-6 |year=1981 |pmid=6259925 |doi=}}</ref> | "The glycemic index factor is a ranking of foods based on their overall effect on blood sugar levels. Low glycaemic index foods, such as lentils, provide a slower more consistent source of glucose to the bloodstream, thereby stimulating less insulin release than high glycaemic index foods, such as white bread."<ref name="pmid17636786">{{cite journal |author=Thomas D, Elliott E, Baur L |title=Low glycaemic index or low glycaemic load diets for overweight and obesity |journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev |volume=3 |issue= |pages=CD005105 |year=2007 |pmid=17636786 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD005105.pub2}}</ref><ref name="pmid6259925">{{cite journal |author=Jenkins DJ ''et al.'' |title=Glycemic index of foods: a physiological basis for carbohydrate exchange |journal=Am. J. Clin. Nutr. |volume=34 |pages=362-6 |year=1981 |pmid=6259925 |doi=}}</ref> | ||
The glycemic load is "the mathematical product of the glycemic index and the carbohydrate amount".<ref name="pmid12949357">{{cite journal |author=Brand-Miller JC ''et al.'' |title=Physiological validation of the concept of glycemic load in lean young adults |journal=J Nutr |volume=133 |pages=2728-32 |year=2003 |pmid=12949357 |doi=}}</ref> | ===Glycemic load=== | ||
The glycemic load is "the mathematical product of the glycemic index and the carbohydrate amount".<ref name="pmid12949357">{{cite journal |author=Brand-Miller JC ''et al.'' |title=Physiological validation of the concept of glycemic load in lean young adults |journal=J Nutr |volume=133 |pages=2728-32 |year=2003 |pmid=12949357 |doi=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16864756">{{cite journal |author=McMillan-Price J ''et al.'' |title=Comparison of 4 diets of varying glycemic load on weight loss and cardiovascular risk reduction in overweight and obese young adults: a randomized controlled trial |journal=Arch. Intern. Med. |volume=166 |pages=1466-75 |year=2006 |pmid=16864756 |doi=10.1001/archinte.166.14.1466}}</ref> | |||
==Clinical role== | |||
===Obesity=== | |||
In a [[randomized controlled trial]] that compared four diets that varied in carbohydrate amount and glycemic index found complicated results<ref name="pmid16864756">{{cite journal |author=McMillan-Price J ''et al.'' |title=Comparison of 4 diets of varying glycemic load on weight loss and cardiovascular risk reduction in overweight and obese young adults: a randomized controlled trial |journal=Arch. Intern. Med. |volume=166 |pages=1466-75 |year=2006 |pmid=16864756 |doi=10.1001/archinte.166.14.1466}}</ref>, the authors found that glycemic index may not affect weight lostt. | |||
===Cardiovascular risk reduction=== | |||
In a [[randomized controlled trial]] that compared four diets that varied in carbohydrate amount and glycemic index found complicated results<ref name="pmid16864756">{{cite journal |author=McMillan-Price J ''et al.'' |title=Comparison of 4 diets of varying glycemic load on weight loss and cardiovascular risk reduction in overweight and obese young adults: a randomized controlled trial |journal=Arch. Intern. Med. |volume=166 |pages=1466-75 |year=2006 |pmid=16864756 |doi=10.1001/archinte.166.14.1466}}</ref>, the authors concluded that " cardiovascular risk reduction is optimized by a high-carbohydrate, low-GI <nowiki>[glycemic index]</nowiki>diet". | |||
===Diabetes=== | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|+ [[Randomized controlled trial]] of low glycemic index diet in treatment of [[diabetes mellitus type 2]]<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1001/jama.2008.808 | volume = 300 | issue = 23 | pages = 2742-2753 | last = Jenkins | first = David J. A. | coauthors = Cyril W. C. Kendall, Gail McKeown-Eyssen, Robert G. Josse, Jay Silverberg, Gillian L. Booth, Edward Vidgen, Andrea R. Josse, Tri H. Nguyen, Sorcha Corrigan, Monica S. Banach, Sophie Ares, Sandy Mitchell, Azadeh Emam, Livia S. A. Augustin, Tina L. Parker, Lawrence A. Leiter | title = Effect of a Low-Glycemic Index or a High-Cereal Fiber Diet on Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Trial | journal = JAMA | accessdate = 2008-12-17 | date = 2008-12-17 | |||
| url = http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/abstract/300/23/2742 }}</ref> | |||
! !! low–glycemic index!! high–cereal fiber | |||
|- | |||
| [[HbA1c]]|| –0.50%|| –0.18% | |||
|- | |||
| {{HDL}}|| +1.7 mg/dL|| –0.2 mg/dL | |||
|} | |||
In a [[randomized controlled trial]] that compared high–cereal fiber versus low–glycemic index dietary advice for the treatment of [[diabetes mellitus type 2]], the low glycemic index diet reduced the [[HbA1c]] and raised the [[high-density lipoprotein]]s.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1001/jama.2008.808 | volume = 300 | issue = 23 | pages = 2742-2753 | last = Jenkins | first = David J. A. | coauthors = Cyril W. C. Kendall, Gail McKeown-Eyssen, Robert G. Josse, Jay Silverberg, Gillian L. Booth, Edward Vidgen, Andrea R. Josse, Tri H. Nguyen, Sorcha Corrigan, Monica S. Banach, Sophie Ares, Sandy Mitchell, Azadeh Emam, Livia S. A. Augustin, Tina L. Parker, Lawrence A. Leiter | title = Effect of a Low-Glycemic Index or a High-Cereal Fiber Diet on Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Trial | journal = JAMA | accessdate = 2008-12-17 | date = 2008-12-17 | |||
| url = http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/abstract/300/23/2742 }}</ref> | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
<references/> | <references/> | ||
Revision as of 09:04, 17 December 2008
In nutrition, the glycemic index is a "numerical system of measuring the rate of blood glucose generation by a particular food item as compared to a reference item, such as glucose = 100. Foods with higher glycemic index numbers create greater blood sugar swings. These numbers do not correspond to calories or amounts of food intake but rather, depend on the rates of digestion and absorption of these food items."[1]
Physiology
Glycemic index
"The glycemic index factor is a ranking of foods based on their overall effect on blood sugar levels. Low glycaemic index foods, such as lentils, provide a slower more consistent source of glucose to the bloodstream, thereby stimulating less insulin release than high glycaemic index foods, such as white bread."[2][3]
Glycemic load
The glycemic load is "the mathematical product of the glycemic index and the carbohydrate amount".[4][5]
Clinical role
Obesity
In a randomized controlled trial that compared four diets that varied in carbohydrate amount and glycemic index found complicated results[5], the authors found that glycemic index may not affect weight lostt.
Cardiovascular risk reduction
In a randomized controlled trial that compared four diets that varied in carbohydrate amount and glycemic index found complicated results[5], the authors concluded that " cardiovascular risk reduction is optimized by a high-carbohydrate, low-GI [glycemic index]diet".
Diabetes
| low–glycemic index | high–cereal fiber | |
|---|---|---|
| HbA1c | –0.50% | –0.18% |
| Template:HDL | +1.7 mg/dL | –0.2 mg/dL |
In a randomized controlled trial that compared high–cereal fiber versus low–glycemic index dietary advice for the treatment of diabetes mellitus type 2, the low glycemic index diet reduced the HbA1c and raised the high-density lipoproteins.[7]
References
- ↑ Anonymous (2024), Glycemic index (English). Medical Subject Headings. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ↑ Thomas D, Elliott E, Baur L (2007). "Low glycaemic index or low glycaemic load diets for overweight and obesity". Cochrane Database Syst Rev 3: CD005105. DOI:10.1002/14651858.CD005105.pub2. PMID 17636786. Research Blogging.
- ↑ Jenkins DJ et al. (1981). "Glycemic index of foods: a physiological basis for carbohydrate exchange". Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 34: 362-6. PMID 6259925. [e]
- ↑ Brand-Miller JC et al. (2003). "Physiological validation of the concept of glycemic load in lean young adults". J Nutr 133: 2728-32. PMID 12949357. [e]
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 McMillan-Price J et al. (2006). "Comparison of 4 diets of varying glycemic load on weight loss and cardiovascular risk reduction in overweight and obese young adults: a randomized controlled trial". Arch. Intern. Med. 166: 1466-75. DOI:10.1001/archinte.166.14.1466. PMID 16864756. Research Blogging.
- ↑ Jenkins, David J. A.; Cyril W. C. Kendall, Gail McKeown-Eyssen, Robert G. Josse, Jay Silverberg, Gillian L. Booth, Edward Vidgen, Andrea R. Josse, Tri H. Nguyen, Sorcha Corrigan, Monica S. Banach, Sophie Ares, Sandy Mitchell, Azadeh Emam, Livia S. A. Augustin, Tina L. Parker, Lawrence A. Leiter (2008-12-17). "Effect of a Low-Glycemic Index or a High-Cereal Fiber Diet on Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Trial". JAMA 300 (23): 2742-2753. DOI:10.1001/jama.2008.808. Retrieved on 2008-12-17. Research Blogging.
- ↑ Jenkins, David J. A.; Cyril W. C. Kendall, Gail McKeown-Eyssen, Robert G. Josse, Jay Silverberg, Gillian L. Booth, Edward Vidgen, Andrea R. Josse, Tri H. Nguyen, Sorcha Corrigan, Monica S. Banach, Sophie Ares, Sandy Mitchell, Azadeh Emam, Livia S. A. Augustin, Tina L. Parker, Lawrence A. Leiter (2008-12-17). "Effect of a Low-Glycemic Index or a High-Cereal Fiber Diet on Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Trial". JAMA 300 (23): 2742-2753. DOI:10.1001/jama.2008.808. Retrieved on 2008-12-17. Research Blogging.