Duiker: Difference between revisions
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A '''Duiker''' is any of 16 small to medium-sized antelope species from the Bovidae family. They are native to [[Sub-Saharan Africa]].[[Image:Duiker.jpg|right|thumb|350px|{{#ifexist:Template:Duiker.jpg/credit|{{Duiker.jpg/credit}}<br/>|}}Maxwell's duiker, (Cephalophus maxwelli).]] Local names include Gidi-gidi, Gri-gri (Krio), Kaikulowuli, Kaikulowulei (Mende tribal name meaning "squirrel duiker"), Dikidiki (Creole), and Nienagbé (from Côte d'Ivoire).<ref>Don E. Wilson & DeeAnn M. Reeder (editors). 2005. Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed), Johns Hopkins University Press, 2,142 pp.</ref> Duiker comes from the [[Afrikaans]] word "diver". When frightened they will leap into the forest's safety. | A '''Duiker''' is any of 16 small to medium-sized antelope species from the [[Bovidae]] family. They are native to [[Sub-Saharan Africa]]. [[Image:Duiker.jpg|right|thumb|350px|{{#ifexist:Template:Duiker.jpg/credit|{{Duiker.jpg/credit}}<br/>|}}Maxwell's duiker, (Cephalophus maxwelli).]] Local names include Gidi-gidi, Gri-gri (Krio), Kaikulowuli, Kaikulowulei (Mende tribal name meaning "squirrel duiker"), Dikidiki (Creole), and Nienagbé (from Côte d'Ivoire).<ref>Don E. Wilson & DeeAnn M. Reeder (editors). 2005. Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed), Johns Hopkins University Press, 2,142 pp.</ref> Duiker comes from the [[Afrikaans]] word "diver". When frightened they will leap into the forest's safety. | ||
==Physical Characteristics== | ==Physical Characteristics== | ||
All have the same distinctive body type with an arched back and pointed face. Although the different species vary in size from the largest Yellow-backed duiker (weighing up to 175lbs) to the tiny Royal Antelope (weighing just 1.5kg/3.3lbs). Full adult coloration is approximately obtained at one year of age. The species are put into two groups, bush and forest. Bush females are larger than the males, they usually are hornless. Male and female forest duikers are about the same size and both have horns. The extent of there horns are small and spike like, lying flat against the head, not useful for fighting.<ref> | All have the same distinctive body type with an arched back and pointed face. Although the different species vary in size from the largest Yellow-backed duiker (weighing up to 175lbs) to the tiny Royal Antelope (weighing just 1.5kg/3.3lbs). Full adult coloration is approximately obtained at one year of age. The [[species]] are put into two groups, bush and forest. Bush females are larger than the males, they usually are hornless. Male and female forest duikers are about the same size and both have horns. The extent of there horns are small and spike like, lying flat against the head, not useful for fighting.<ref>Sexual Dimorphism: The Horns of African Antelopes, Craig Packer, Science 16 September 1983 221: 1191-1193 [DOI: 10.1126/science.221.4616.1191] </ref> The hind legs are longer than the front legs allowing quick springs to penetrate thickets.[[Image:Dzanga.jpg|right|thumb|350px|{{#ifexist:Template:Dzanga.jpg/credit|{{Dzanga.jpg/credit}}<br/>|}}Habitat.]] Gestation is five to seven months. They can reach a lifespan of twelve years. | ||
==Habitat== | ==Habitat== | ||
Found in thick brush and forest over most of Africa. The blue duikers are found in W and central Africa. The gray, or common, duiker, (Sylvicapra grimmia) is found from Ethiopia to the Cape of Good Hope and W to Senegal. | Found in thick brush and forest over most of Africa. The blue duikers are found in W and central Africa (including parts of Tanzania, Uganda and western Kenya). The gray, or common, duiker, (Sylvicapra grimmia) is found from Ethiopia to the Cape of Good Hope and W to Senegal. | ||
==Diet== | ==Diet== | ||
The duiker has a varied feeding habits. Most of their diet consists of foliage from bushes and trees. There small size limits the reach of food sources. Berries and fruit that have fallen naturally (or picked and dropped by other animals) are essential in every day diet. This leads to behavior of actively following beneath canopy foragers, where they compete with bush pigs and porcupines. Figs are a high percentage of the diet. They have a large mouth that allows them to feed on sizable fruits, mushrooms and other bulky items. | The duiker has a varied feeding habits. Most of their diet consists of foliage from bushes and trees. There small size limits the reach of food sources. Berries and fruit that have fallen naturally (or picked and dropped by other animals) are essential in every day diet. This leads to behavior of actively following beneath canopy foragers, where they compete with bush pigs and porcupines. Figs are a high percentage of the diet. They have a large mouth that allows them to feed on sizable fruits, mushrooms and other bulky items. Occasionally duikers may eat [[insects]], small vertebrates, and birds. In Tanzania, a picture was taken of an Abbot's Duiker with a large frog in its mouth (BBC Wildlife 22:10). These creatures are an [[omnivore]], meaning an animal that feeds on both animal and plant substances. This broad-based subsistence means duikers are not specifically adapted to only eat and digest either meat or plant material. | ||
==Conservation and Threats== | ==Conservation and Threats== | ||
Crowned Eagles and Leopards are among the most significant predators of duikers. | Crowned Eagles and Leopards are among the most significant predators of duikers. Duikers wil freeze and crouch to escape detection, if diving into the bush is not an option. Natural enemies are the lion, cheetah, hunting dog, hyena, jackal, python, baboon, and crocodiles. Humans have an impact on this species as well. As forest dwelling people populations have increased the demand for [[bushmeat]]. This is a term commonly used for meat of terrestrial wild animals. Specifically focusing on the: zebra duiker, ogilby's duiker, black duiker, jentink's duiker, yellow back dand the white bellied duiker.<ref>New Scientist Mon 9 Aug 2004 (edited)</ref> Aders’ duiker (Zanzibar duiker) is the rarest and most endangered of Africa’s 16 forest duiker species. | ||
==Species== | ==Species== | ||
Africa's various antelope are classified into over 70 species. These are divided into nine tribes, of which the Cephalophini is the largest, with 16 species. | Africa's various [[antelope]] are classified into over 70 species. These are divided into nine tribes, of which the [[Cephalophini]] is the largest, with 16 species.<ref>Ecology of blesbok : with special reference to productivity / by S. S. Du Plessis</ref> | ||
===Taxonomy=== | ===Taxonomy=== | ||
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Genera: ''Cephalophus'', ''Sylvicapra'' | '''Genera''': ''Cephalophus'', ''Sylvicapra'' | ||
Revision as of 17:49, 17 April 2008
A Duiker is any of 16 small to medium-sized antelope species from the Bovidae family. They are native to Sub-Saharan Africa.
Local names include Gidi-gidi, Gri-gri (Krio), Kaikulowuli, Kaikulowulei (Mende tribal name meaning "squirrel duiker"), Dikidiki (Creole), and Nienagbé (from Côte d'Ivoire).[1] Duiker comes from the Afrikaans word "diver". When frightened they will leap into the forest's safety.
Physical Characteristics
All have the same distinctive body type with an arched back and pointed face. Although the different species vary in size from the largest Yellow-backed duiker (weighing up to 175lbs) to the tiny Royal Antelope (weighing just 1.5kg/3.3lbs). Full adult coloration is approximately obtained at one year of age. The species are put into two groups, bush and forest. Bush females are larger than the males, they usually are hornless. Male and female forest duikers are about the same size and both have horns. The extent of there horns are small and spike like, lying flat against the head, not useful for fighting.[2] The hind legs are longer than the front legs allowing quick springs to penetrate thickets.
Gestation is five to seven months. They can reach a lifespan of twelve years.
Habitat
Found in thick brush and forest over most of Africa. The blue duikers are found in W and central Africa (including parts of Tanzania, Uganda and western Kenya). The gray, or common, duiker, (Sylvicapra grimmia) is found from Ethiopia to the Cape of Good Hope and W to Senegal.
Diet
The duiker has a varied feeding habits. Most of their diet consists of foliage from bushes and trees. There small size limits the reach of food sources. Berries and fruit that have fallen naturally (or picked and dropped by other animals) are essential in every day diet. This leads to behavior of actively following beneath canopy foragers, where they compete with bush pigs and porcupines. Figs are a high percentage of the diet. They have a large mouth that allows them to feed on sizable fruits, mushrooms and other bulky items. Occasionally duikers may eat insects, small vertebrates, and birds. In Tanzania, a picture was taken of an Abbot's Duiker with a large frog in its mouth (BBC Wildlife 22:10). These creatures are an omnivore, meaning an animal that feeds on both animal and plant substances. This broad-based subsistence means duikers are not specifically adapted to only eat and digest either meat or plant material.
Conservation and Threats
Crowned Eagles and Leopards are among the most significant predators of duikers. Duikers wil freeze and crouch to escape detection, if diving into the bush is not an option. Natural enemies are the lion, cheetah, hunting dog, hyena, jackal, python, baboon, and crocodiles. Humans have an impact on this species as well. As forest dwelling people populations have increased the demand for bushmeat. This is a term commonly used for meat of terrestrial wild animals. Specifically focusing on the: zebra duiker, ogilby's duiker, black duiker, jentink's duiker, yellow back dand the white bellied duiker.[3] Aders’ duiker (Zanzibar duiker) is the rarest and most endangered of Africa’s 16 forest duiker species.
Species
Africa's various antelope are classified into over 70 species. These are divided into nine tribes, of which the Cephalophini is the largest, with 16 species.[4]
Taxonomy
Kingdom:Animalia
Phylum:Chordata
Class:Mammalia
Order:Artiodactyla
Family: Bovidae
Subfamily: Cephalophinae
Genera: Cephalophus, Sylvicapra
- Subfamily Cephalophinae
- Genus Cephalophus
- Abbott's Duiker, Cephalophus spadix
- Ader's Duiker, Cephalophus adersi
- Bay Duiker, Cephalophus dorsalis
- Black Duiker, Cephalophus niger
- Black-fronted Duiker, Cephalophus nigrifrons
- Blue Duiker, Cephalophus monticola
- Harvey's Duiker, Cephalophus harveyi
- Jentink's Duiker, Cephalophus jentinki
- Maxwell's Duiker, Cephalophus maxwellii
- Ogilby's Duiker, Cephalophus ogilbyi
- Peters's Duiker, Cephalophus callipygus
- Red-flanked Duiker, Cephalophus rufilatus
- Red Forest Duiker, Cephalophus natalensis
- Ruwenzori Duiker, Cephalophus rubidis
- Weyns's Duiker, Cephalophus weynsi
- White-bellied Duiker, Cephalophus leucogaster
- Yellow-backed Duiker, Cephalophus sylvicultor
- Zebra Duiker, Cephalophus zebra
- Genus Sylvicapra
- Common Duiker, Sylvicapra grimmia
- Genus Cephalophus
Links
<a href="http://www.animalorphanagekenya.org" target="_top">Mount Kenya Wildlife Conservancy - the animal orphanage</a>
- ↑ Don E. Wilson & DeeAnn M. Reeder (editors). 2005. Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed), Johns Hopkins University Press, 2,142 pp.
- ↑ Sexual Dimorphism: The Horns of African Antelopes, Craig Packer, Science 16 September 1983 221: 1191-1193 [DOI: 10.1126/science.221.4616.1191]
- ↑ New Scientist Mon 9 Aug 2004 (edited)
- ↑ Ecology of blesbok : with special reference to productivity / by S. S. Du Plessis