Mission San Diego de Alcalá: Difference between revisions

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{| border="1" align="right" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" width="300" style="margin: 0 0 1em 0.5em"
{| border="1" align="right" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" width="300" style="margin: 0 0 1em 0.5em"
|align="center" colspan="2"|[[Image:Mission San Diego 1987.jpg|350px]] <small>The chapel façade of Mission San Diego de Alcalá as it appeared in 1987.<ref>{{Mission San Diego 1987.jpg/credit}}</ref></small>
|align="center" colspan="2"|'''This article is part of a series on the<br />[[Spanish missions in California]]'''<br />[[Image:Deakin SD circa 1899.jpg|350px]]<br />'''Mission San Diego de Alcalá, ''circa'' 1899.'''<ref>{{Deakin SD circa 1899.jpg/credit}}</ref>
|-
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!colspan="2" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: #C96;"| HISTORY  
!colspan="2" style="color: white; height: 30px; background: #630;"| HISTORY  
|-
|-
|<small>'''Location:'''
|<small>'''Location:'''
|San Diego, California
|[[San Diego, California]]
|-
|<small>'''Coordinates:'''
|<small>32° 47′ 4″ N, 117° 6′ 23″ W
|-
|-
|<small>'''Name as Founded:'''
|<small>'''Name as Founded:'''
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|The Mission of Saint Didacus of Alcalá <ref name="krell71">Krell, p. 71</ref>
|The Mission of Saint Didacus of Alcalá <ref name="krell71">Krell, p. 71</ref>
|-
|-
|<small>'''Namesake:'''
|<small>'''Patron Saint:'''
|Saint Didacus of Alcalá <ref name="leffingwell17">Leffingwell, p. 17</ref>
|Saint Didacus of Alcalá de Henares, Spain <ref name="leffingwell17">Leffingwell, p. 17</ref>
|-
|-
|<small>'''Nickname(s):'''
|<small>'''Nickname(s):'''
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|-
|-
|<small>'''Native Tribe(s):<br><small>''Spanish Name(s):</small>'''
|<small>'''Native Tribe(s):<br><small>''Spanish Name(s):</small>'''
|Kumeyaay (Ipai / Tipai)<br><small>''Diegueño''</small> <ref name="yenne24">Yenne, p. 24</ref>
|Kumeyaay (Ipai / Tipai) <ref name="yenne24">Yenne, p. 24</ref><br><small>''Diegueño''</small> <ref name="yenne24">Yenne, p. 24</ref>
|-
|-
|<small>'''Native Place Name(s):'''
|<small>'''Primordial Place Name(s):'''
|''Kosoi'', ''Nipawai'' <ref>Ruscin, p. 195</ref>
|''Kosoi'', ''Nipawai'' <ref>Ruscin, p. 195</ref> (also ''Nipaguay'' <ref>Bancroft, P. 220</ref>)
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!colspan="2" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: #C96;"| SPIRITUAL RESULTS
!colspan="2" style="color: white; height: 30px; background: #630;"| SPIRITUAL RESULTS
|-
|-
|<small>'''Baptisms:'''
|<small>'''Baptisms:'''
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|<small>'''Burials:'''
|<small>'''Burials:'''
|4,322 <ref name="krell315">Krell, p. 315: as of December 31, 1832; information adapted from Engelhardt's ''Missions and Missionaries of California''.</ref>
|4,322 <ref name="krell315">Krell, p. 315: as of December 31, 1832; information adapted from Engelhardt's ''Missions and Missionaries of California''.</ref>
|-
|<small>'''Year of Neophyte Population Peak:'''
|1824 <ref name="krell315a">Krell, p. 315: Information adapted from Engelhardt's ''Missions and Missionaries of California''.</ref><ref name="engelhardt175-176a">Engelhardt 1920, pp. 300-301: The smallest recorded neophyte population (97) was seen in 1774.</ref>
|-
|-
|<small>'''Neophyte Population:'''
|<small>'''Neophyte Population:'''
|1,455 <ref name="krell315">Krell, p. 315: as of December 31, 1832; information adapted from Engelhardt's ''Missions and Missionaries of California''.</ref><ref name="engelhardt175-176a">Engelhardt 1920, pp. 300-301. 1824 saw the greatest number of neophytes attached to the Mission (1,829), whereas the smallest recorded neophyte population (97) was seen in 1774.</ref>
|1,455 <ref name="krell315a">Krell, p. 315: Information adapted from Engelhardt's ''Missions and Missionaries of California''.</ref><ref name="engelhardt175-176a">Engelhardt 1920, pp. 300-301: The smallest recorded neophyte population (97) was seen in 1774.</ref>
|-
|<small>'''Neophyte Population in 1832:'''
|1,828 <ref name="krell315a">Krell, p. 315: Information adapted from Engelhardt's ''Missions and Missionaries of California''.</ref><ref name="engelhardt175-176a">Engelhardt 1920, pp. 300-301: The smallest recorded neophyte population (97) was seen in 1774.</ref>
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!colspan="2" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: #C96;"| DISPOSITION
!colspan="2" style="color: white; height: 30px; background: #630;"| DISPOSITION
|-
|-
|<small>'''Secularized:'''
|<small>'''Secularized:'''
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|1862 <ref name="krell71">Krell, p. 71</ref>
|1862 <ref name="krell71">Krell, p. 71</ref>
|-
|-
|<small>'''Governing Body:'''
|<small>'''Caretaker:'''
|Roman Catholic Diocese of San Diego
|Roman Catholic Diocese of San Diego
|-
|-
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|Parish Church
|Parish Church
|-
|-
|<small>'''Coordinates:'''
|<small>'''Current Land Area:'''
|33°30′10″N, 117°39′46″W <ref>Davidson, p. 29: Longitude listed at 33°27′45.5″N.</ref>
|5 acres
|-
|-
|<small>'''National Historic Landmark:'''
|<small>'''National Historic Landmark:'''
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|-
|-
|<small>'''Date added to the NRHP:'''
|<small>'''Date added to the NRHP:'''
|1970
|April 15, 1970 <ref>''San Diego Mission Church</ref>
|-
|-
|<small>'''California Historical Landmark:'''
|<small>'''California Historical Landmark:'''
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|}
|}


'''Mission San Diego de Alcalá''' was founded on July 16, 1769, the first in the twenty-one mission [[Alta California]] chain established by [[Spain|Spanish]] [[Catholic]]s of the Franciscan Order, today known as "California's First Church." Spanish explorer Sebastián Vizcaíno named San Diego Bay ''San Diego de Alcalá'' when he made landfall there in 1602, some ten miles from the present Mission site. In 1773 the Mission was the site of the first Christian burial in Alta California; San Diego is also generally regarded as the site of the region's first public execution in 1778. Father [[Luís Jayme]], "California's First Christian Martyr," lies entombed beneath the chancel floor.
'''Mission San Diego de Alcalá''' is a former religious outpost established by [[Spain|Spanish]] colonists on the west coast of [[North America]] in the present-day State of [[California (U.S. state)]]. Founded on July 16, 1769 by [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholics]] of the Franciscan Order, the settlement was the first in the twenty-one mission [[Alta California]] chain, and is therefore known today as "California's First Church." Named after a lay brother of the Order of Friars Minor who died at Alcalá de Henares, Spain in 1463, Mission San Diego was the site of the first Christian burial in Alta California, and of the region's first public execution. Father Luís Jayme, "California's First Christian Martyr," lies entombed beneath the chancel floor. Designated as a historic landmark at both the state and national levels, in 1976 Pope Paul VI named the Mission as a Minor Basilica. Today the chapel serves as a parish church within the Roman Catholic Diocese of San Diego.
 
<!-- ALL OF THIS NEEDS TO BE REWORDED FOR INCLUSION IN THE MAIN BODY: Spanish explorer Sebastián Vizcaíno named San Diego Bay ''San Diego de Alcalá'' when he made landfall there in 1602, some ten miles from the present Mission site. In 1773 the Mission was the site of the first Christian burial in Alta California; San Diego is also generally regarded as the site of the region's first public execution in 1778. Father Luís Jayme, "California's First Christian Martyr," lies entombed beneath the chancel floor. -->
==Precontact==
The current prevailing theory postulates that Paleo-Indians entered the Americas from [[Asia]] via a land bridge called "Beringia" that connected eastern [[Siberia]] with present-day [[Alaska]] (when sea levels were significantly lower, due to widespread glaciation) between about 15,000 to 35,000 years ago. The remains of Arlington Springs Man on Santa Rosa Island are among the traces of a very early habitation in California, dated to the last ice age (Wisconsin glaciation) about 13,000 years ago. The first humans are therefore thought to have made their homes among the southern valleys of California's coastal mountain ranges some 10,000 to 12,000 years ago; the earliest of these people are known only from archaeological evidence.<ref>Paddison, p. 333: The first undisputable archaeological evidence of human presence in California dates back to ''circa'' 8,000 BCE.</ref> The cultural impacts resulting from climactic changes and other natural events during this broad expanse of time were negligible; conversely, European contact was a momentous event, which profoundly affected California's native peoples.<ref>Jones and Klar 2005, p. 53: "''Understanding how and when humans first settled California is intimately linked to the initial colonization of the Americas''."</ref>


==History==
===Precontact and early contact===
The former Spanish settlement at ''Nipawai'' lies within that area occupied during the late Paleoindian period and continuing on into the present day by the Native American society commonly known as the ''Diegueño'';<ref>Kroeber 1925, p. 883: Kroeber estimated that the native population in the immediate vicinity of San Diego was approximately 3,000 in 1770 (exclusive of those in [[Baja California]]).</ref> the name denotes those people who were ministered by the padres at Mission San Diego de Alcalá.<ref>As with other Spanish names given to the indigenous tribes they encountered, the appellation ''Diegueño'' does not necessarily identify a specific ethnic or tribal group.</ref> Relatively much is known about the native inhabitants in recent centuries, thanks in part to the efforts of the Spanish explorer Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, who documented his observations of life in the coastal villages he encountered along the Southern California coast in October of 1542.<ref>Yenne, p. 8</ref> Cabrillo, a [[Portugal|Portuguese]] navigator in the service of Spain, is credited with the "discovery" of San Diego Bay. On the evening of September 28, 1542 the ships ''San Salvador'' and ''Victoria'' sailed into the harbor, whereupon Cabrillo christened it "''San Miguel''." <ref>Engelhardt 1920, p. 3: September 28 was the eve of the "Feast of the Archangel Saint Michael."</ref> During that expedition a landing party went ashore and briefly interacted with a small group of natives. Some sixty years later another Spanish explorer, Sebastián Vizcaíno, made landfall some ten miles from the present Mission site. Under Vizcaíno's command the ''San Diego'', ''Santo Tomás'', and frigate ''Tres Reyes'' dropped anchor on November 10, 1602, and the port was renamed "''San Diego de Alcalá''." <ref>Engelhardt 1920, pp. 6-9: November 10 was the eve of "St. Martin's Day."</ref><ref>Davidson, p. 2: "''Sebastian Vizcaino, entering Nov. 11-12, 1602, first applied the name San Diego de Alcalá to this port''."</ref>
The former Spanish settlement at ''Nipawai'' lies within that area occupied during the late Paleoindian period and continuing on into the present day by the Native American society commonly known as the ''Diegueño'';<ref>Kroeber 1925, p. 883: Kroeber estimated that the native population in the immediate vicinity of San Diego was approximately 3,000 in 1770 (exclusive of those in [[Baja California]]).</ref> the name denotes those people who were ministered by the padres at Mission San Diego de Alcalá.<ref>As with other Spanish names given to the indigenous tribes they encountered, the appellation ''Diegueño'' does not necessarily identify a specific ethnic or tribal group.</ref> Relatively much is known about the native inhabitants in recent centuries, thanks in part to the efforts of the Spanish explorer Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, who documented his observations of life in the coastal villages he encountered along the Southern California coast in October of 1542.<ref>Yenne, p. 8</ref> Cabrillo, a [[Portugal|Portuguese]] navigator in the service of Spain, is credited with the "discovery" of San Diego Bay. On the evening of September 28, 1542 the ships ''San Salvador'' and ''Victoria'' sailed into the harbor, whereupon Cabrillo christened it "''San Miguel''." <ref>Engelhardt 1920, p. 3: September 28 was the eve of the "Feast of the Archangel Saint Michael."</ref> During that expedition a landing party went ashore and briefly interacted with a small group of natives. Some sixty years later another Spanish explorer, Sebastián Vizcaíno, made landfall some ten miles from the present Mission site. Under Vizcaíno's command the ''San Diego'', ''Santo Tomás'', and frigate ''Tres Reyes'' dropped anchor on November 10, 1602, and the port was renamed "''San Diego de Alcalá''." <ref>Engelhardt 1920, pp. 6-9: November 10 was the eve of "St. Martin's Day."</ref><ref>Davidson, p. 2: "''Sebastian Vizcaino, entering Nov. 11-12, 1602, first applied the name San Diego de Alcalá to this port''."</ref>


It would be another 167 years before the Spanish returned to San Diego. Ever since the voyages of [[Christopher Columbus]], the Kingdom of Spain sought to establish missions to convert the pagans in ''Nueva España'' ("[[New Spain]]") to Roman Catholicism in order to facilitate colonization of these lands. However, it was not until 1741&mdash;the time of the Vitus Bering expedition, when the territorial ambitions of [[Russia|Tsarist Russia]] towards North America became known&mdash;that King Philip V felt such installations were necessary in Upper California.<ref>Morrison, p. 214</ref> Finally in 1769 ''Visitador General'' José de Gálvez sent the expedition of [[Junípero Serra]] and Gaspar de Portolà to found a mission at San Diego and presidio at Monterey, respectively, thereby securing Spain's claim to the entire Pacific Coast by right of doscovery.<ref>Yenne, p. 10</ref> Two groups traveled from Lower California on foot, while a pair of packet ships (bearing supplies) traveled up the coast from the Baja Peninsula.<ref name="engelhardt9">Engelhardt 1920, p. 9</ref><ref name="yenne10">Yenne, p. 10: In January, 1769 the ''San Carlos'' departed Baya de San Barnabé in La Paz, followed a month later by the ''San Antonio'', which sailed out of Cabo San Lucas. A third vessel, the ''San José'', left New Spain later that spring but was lost at sea.</ref>
It would be another 167 years before the Spanish returned to San Diego. Ever since the voyages of [[Christopher Columbus]], the Kingdom of Spain sought to establish missions to convert the pagans in ''Nueva España'' ("[[New Spain]]") to Roman Catholicism in order to facilitate colonization of these lands. However, it was not until 1741&mdash;the time of the Vitus Bering expedition, when the territorial ambitions of [[Russia|Tsarist Russia]] towards North America became known&mdash;that King Philip V felt such installations were necessary in Upper California.<ref>Morrison, p. 214</ref> Finally in 1769 ''Visitador General'' José de Gálvez sent the expedition of [[Junípero Serra]] and Gaspar de Portolà to found a mission at San Diego and presidio at Monterey, respectively, thereby securing Spain's claim to the entire Pacific Coast by right of doscovery.<ref>Yenne, p. 10</ref> Two groups traveled from Lower California on foot, while a pair of packet ships (bearing supplies) traveled up the coast from the Baja Peninsula.<ref name="engelhardt9">Engelhardt 1920, p. 9</ref><ref name="yenne10">Yenne, p. 10: In January, 1769 the ''San Carlos'' departed Baya de San Barnabé in La Paz, followed a month later by the ''San Antonio'', which sailed out of Cabo San Lucas. A third vessel, the ''San José'', left New Spain later that spring but was lost at sea.</ref>


===Mission Period (1769 &ndash; 1833)===
===Mission Period (1769 &ndash; 1833)===
[[Image:Serra in San Diego May 19 1770.jpg|thumb|250px|right|{{Serra in San Diego May 19 1770.jpg/credit}}<br/>''The Ship! The Ship! California is saved!'' Father Serra rejoices at the sight of the packet ship ''San Antonio'' entering San Diego Bay on March 19, 1770 with desperately-needed food and supplies. The ''San Carlos'' rests at anchor just offshore.]]
The first expedition to reach San Diego came by sea aboard the packet ship ''San Antonio'', commanded by Captain Juan Pérez, which sailed into port on April 11 and dropped anchor near Point Guijarros.<ref>Engelhardt 1920, pp. 9-10: "Ballast Point" is also the likely spot of Cabrillo's anchorage.</ref> Under the command of Captain Vicente Vila, the ''San Carlos'' (formerly the ''Golden Fleece''), despite having put to sea well ahead of her sister ship, nonetheless did not arrive in San Diego until the afternoon of April 29, severe storms having hampered her progress. The first overland expedition, under Captain Fernando Rivera y Moncada, completed their journey on the afternoon of May 4, while Governor Portolà's contingent arrived on June 29.<ref>Engelhardt 1920, pp. 13, 17: Father Serra arrived with the second expedition's main body on July 1, forty-six days after having left [[Misión San Fernando Rey de España de Velicatá]].</ref> Many members of the overland expeditions fell ill along the way, and a majority of the crews from both ships contracted scurvy during their voyages; in all, over a hundred men (including the crew of a third ship, the ''San José'' which went down en route) died.<ref name="yenne24">Yenne, p. 24</ref> Portolà and the "Sacred Expedition" continued on to Monterey Bay on July 14, and just two days later, on July 16, a cross was raised and Father Serra held the first Holy Mass; Mission San Diego de Alcalá was officially founded.<ref name="leffingwell17">Leffingwell, p. 17</ref> The ''padres<nowiki>'</nowiki>'' initial efforts to establish an outpost at the San Diego met with little success. The Mission was originally founded at a site overlooking the Bay known today as "Presidio Hill" (''Kosoi'' to the natives), but the natives resented the Spaniards' intrusion, and the settlement was attacked within a month.<ref>Young, p. 12</ref><ref>Engelhardt 1922, p. 12: Not all of the native cultures responded with hostility to the Spaniards' presence.</ref> By the first few months of 1770, food had run low, no permanent buildings were erected, and there had yet to be a single conversion. Four soldiers, eight Catalonian volunteers, one servant, and six Christian Indians from Lower California had died from [[scurvy]] since the expedition's arrival; serious consideration was therefore given to abandoning the site and returning to the Baja settlements. It was therefore determined that, if a supply ship did not arrive by March 19 (Saint Joseph's Day), the expedition would be recalled.<ref>Engelhardt 1920, p. 32: On February 7, Pedro Fages and Engineer Miguel Costansó wrote to Viceroy José de Gálvez that "''..they [the troops remaining] could hold this Port until the arrival of one of the packetboats San José or the Principe (San Antonio) which we are expecting daily''"&mdash;"''podrá conservar este Puerto hasta la venida de uno los pacbotes El San José ó El Principe (San Antonio) que esperamos de dia á otro''."</ref> Father-Presidente Serra, in response, wrote a lengthy letter addressed to Father Francisco Palóu the following day:
The first expedition to reach San Diego came by sea aboard the packet ship ''San Antonio'', commanded by Captain Juan Pérez, which sailed into port on April 11 and dropped anchor near Point Guijarros.<ref>Engelhardt 1920, pp. 9-10: "Ballast Point" is also the likely spot of Cabrillo's anchorage.</ref> Under the command of Captain Vicente Vila, the ''San Carlos'' (formerly the ''Golden Fleece''), despite having put to sea well ahead of her sister ship, nonetheless did not arrive in San Diego until the afternoon of April 29, severe storms having hampered her progress. The first overland expedition, under Captain Fernando Rivera y Moncada, completed their journey on the afternoon of May 4, while Governor Portolà's contingent arrived on June 29.<ref>Engelhardt 1920, pp. 13, 17: Father Serra arrived with the second expedition's main body on July 1, forty-six days after having left [[Misión San Fernando Rey de España de Velicatá]].</ref> Many members of the overland expeditions fell ill along the way, and a majority of the crews from both ships contracted scurvy during their voyages; in all, over a hundred men (including the crew of a third ship, the ''San José'' which went down enroute) died.<ref name="yenne24">Yenne, p. 24</ref> Portolà and the "Sacred Expedition" continued on to Monterey Bay on July 14, and just two days later, on July 16, a cross was raised and Father Serra held the first Holy Mass; Mission San Diego de Alcalá was officially founded.<ref name="leffingwell17">Leffingwell, p. 17</ref> The ''padres<nowiki>'</nowiki>'' initial efforts to establish an outpost at the San Diego met with little success. The Mission was originally founded at a site overlooking the Bay known today as "Presidio Hill" (''Kosoi'' to the natives), but the natives resented the Spaniards' intrusion, and the settlement was attacked within a month.<ref>Young, p. 12</ref><ref>Engelhardt 1922, p. 12: Not all of the native cultures responded with hostility to the Spaniards' presence.</ref> By the first few months of 1770,
food had run low, no permanent buildings were erected, and there had yet to be a single conversion. Four soldiers, eight Catalonian volunteers, one servant, and six Christian Indians from Lower California had died from scurvy since the expedition's arrival; serious consideration was therefore given to abandoning the site and returning to the Baja settlements. It was therefore determined that, if a supply ship did not arrive by March 19 (Saint Joseph's Day), the expedition would be recalled.<ref>Engelhardt 1920, p. 32: On February 7, Pedro Fages and Engineer Miguel Costansó wrote to Viceroy José de Gálvez that "''..they [the troops remaining] could hold this Port until the arrival of one of the packetboats San José or the Principe (San Antonio) which we are expecting daily''"&mdash;"''podrá conservar este Puerto hasta la venida de uno los pacbotes El San José ó El Principe (San Antonio) que esperamos de dia á otro''."</ref> Father-Presidente Serra, in response, wrote a lengthy letter adressed to Father [[Francisco Palóu]] the following day:


<blockquote>''Four Fathers, Fr. [[Juan Crespí]], Fr. [[Fernando Parrón]], Fr. [[Francisco Gómez]], and I, are here, ready to found a second mission, if the ships arrive. Should we see that hope and supplies are vanishing, I shall remain here alone with Fr. Juan Crespí and hold out to the very last. May God give us His holy grace. Recommend us to God that so it may be...''<ref>Engelhardt 1920, p. 33</ref></blockquote>
<blockquote>''Four Fathers, Fr. Juan Crespí, Fr. Fernando Parrón, Fr. Francisco Gómez, and I, are here, ready to found a second mission, if the ships arrive. Should we see that hope and supplies are vanishing, I shall remain here alone with Fr. Juan Crespí and hold out to the very last. May God give us His holy grace. Recommend us to God that so it may be...''<ref>Engelhardt 1920, p. 33</ref></blockquote>


Serra feared that if San Diego were abandoned, "''..centuries might come and go before the country would again be revisited...'';"finally, just before sunset on the 19th, the ''San Antonio'' entered the harbor.<ref name="engelhardt36">Engelhardt 1920, p. 36</ref> The ship had been bound for Monterey to deliver supplies to the expedition waiting there, but had lost one of its anchors and was forced to make port in San Diego, where a spare anchor from the ''San Carlos'' could be retrieved.<ref name="engelhardt36">Engelhardt 1920, p. 36</ref> With the settlement now properly putfitted with supplies, the missionaries set about constructing permanent buildings at ''Kosoi'', in 1773 the site of California's first Christian burial.<ref>Ruscin, p. 196</ref> The Mission was relocated to its present location (the native village of ''Nipawai'') in August of 1774.<ref>Ruscin, p. 7</ref> The lack of a dependable water supply, coupled with the proximity of the military personnel at the presidio, led Father [[Luís Jayme]] to seek permission to relocate the mission from its original site, to the valley some six miles upriver to the east, where it remains today. Almost immediately there was a noticeable increase in the number of baptisms, which in 1775 totaled 431 (compared to 274 for the preceding four years combined).<ref>Engelhardt 1920, p. 300</ref>   
[[Image:Serra in San Diego May 19 1770.jpg|right|thumb|300px|left|{{Serra in San Diego May 19 1770.jpg/credit}}<br/>''The Ship! The Ship! California is saved!'' Father Serra rejoices at the sight of the packet ship ''San Antonio'' entering San Diego Bay on March 19, 1770 with desperately-needed food and supplies. The ''San Carlos'' rests at anchor just offshore.<ref>Engelhardt 1920, pp. 35-37</ref>]]
Serra feared that if San Diego were abandoned, "''..centuries might come and go before the country would again be revisited...'';" finally, just before sunset on the 19th, the ''San Antonio'' entered the harbor.<ref name="engelhardt36">Engelhardt 1920, p. 36</ref> The ship had been bound for Monterey to deliver supplies to the expedition waiting there, but had lost one of its anchors and was forced to make port in San Diego, where a spare anchor from the ''San Carlos'' could be retrieved.<ref name="engelhardt36">Engelhardt 1920, p. 36</ref> With the settlement now properly putfitted with supplies, the missionaries set about constructing permanent buildings at ''Kosoi'', in 1773 the site of California's first Christian burial.<ref>Ruscin, p. 196</ref> The Mission was relocated to its present location (the native village of ''Nipawai'') in August of 1774.<ref>Ruscin, p. 7</ref> The lack of a dependable water supply, coupled with the proximity of the military personnel at the presidio, led Father Luís Jayme to seek permission to relocate the mission from its original site, to the valley some six miles upriver to the east, where it remains today. Almost immediately there was a noticeable increase in the number of baptisms, which in 1775 totaled 431 (compared to 274 for the preceding four years combined).<ref>Engelhardt 1920, p. 300</ref>   


[[Image:Death of Father Jayme.jpg|thumb|300px|left|{{Death of Father Jayme.jpg/credit}}<br/>An illustration depicts the brutal death of Father Luís Jayme by the hands of angry natives at Mission San Diego de Alcalá, November 4, 1775.<ref>Ruscin, p. 12</ref> A carpenter named Urselino and José Romero, a blacksmith, were also killed during the attack.<ref name="leffingwell19">Leffingwell, p. 19</ref> The uprising was the first of a dozen similar incidents that took place in Alta California during the Mission Period.<ref>Paddison, p. 48</ref><ref>Chapman 1921, pp. 310-311: Chapman notes that "''Latter-day historians have been altogethert too prone to regard the hostility to the Spaniards on the part of the California Indians as a matter of small consequence, since no disaster in fact ever happened...On the other hand the San Diego plot involved untold thousands of Indians, being virtually a national uprising, and owing to the distance from New Spain to and the extreme difficulty of maintaining communications a victory for the Indians would have ended Spanish settlement in Alta California''." As it turned out, "''...the position of the Spaniards was strengthened by the San Diego outbreak, for the Indians felt from that time forth that it was impossible to throw out their conquerors''." See also [[Mission Puerto de Purísima Concepción]] and [[Mission San Pedro y San Pablo de Bicuñer]] regarding the ''Yuma'' massacres of 1781.</ref>]]
Native resistance continued almost unabated.<ref>"Tipai-Ipai" by Katharine Luomala pp. 592-609 in Volume 8, "California" in the ''Handbook of North American Indians'': "''Of all the mission tribes in the Californias, Tipais and Ipais most stubbornly and violently resisted Franciscan or Dominican control''." </ref> At approximately 1:30 a.m., on the moonlit night of November 4, 1775, between 600 and 800 warriors from the surrounding ''rancherías'' silently crept into the Mission compound. After plundering the chapel, they set the other buildings ablaze. The commotion soon awakened the two missionaries, the Spanish guards, and the Christian ''neophytes''. Fray Jayme (who had been left behind to run the Mission while Father Serra moved on to found other missions) was killed in the melee, thereby making him California's first Christian martyr.<ref>Ruscin, p. 11</ref> The Mission buildings were reduced to ashes, and all records and manuscripts lost in the blaze; the censer, the chalice used at Holy mass, and the pieces of coin used during marriage ceremonies were "''melted into a solid mass''." <ref>Engelhardt 1920, p. 71</ref> Although resentment over various abuses had likely built up over a period of time, the recent infliction of corporal punishment by the missionaries apparently instigated the attack.<ref name="archibald">Archibald: "''Open revolt is, of course, the most obvious reaction to real or imagined oppression.''"</ref>  Relocation of the Mission proper in August of 1774 (six miles east of the presidio to the present-day chapel complex site; closer to the native villages) no doubt caused great consternation among the nearby indigenous population as well.<ref>Carrico: Perhaps more compelling, one informant reported that one underlying motive for the sacking was fear that villagers would be seized and made to work in the Mission fields.</ref>


Native resistance continued almost unabated, unfortunately. At approximately 1:30 a.m., on the moonlit night of November 4, 1775 between 600 and 800 warriors from the surrounding ''rancherías'' silently crept into the mission compound. After plundering the chapel, they set the other buildings ablaze. The commotion soon awakened the two missionaries, the Spanish guards, and the Christian ''neophytes''. Fray Jayme (who had been left behind to run the Mission while Father Serra moved on to found other missions) was killed in the melee, thereby making him California's first Christian martyr.<ref>Ruscin, p. 11</ref> The Mission buildings were reduced to ashes, and all records and manuscripts lost in the blaze; the censer, the chalice used at Holy mass, and the pieces of coin used during marriage ceremonies were "''melted into a solid mass''." <ref>Engelhardt 1920, p. 71</ref> The following February, one of the ''neophytes'' who had participated in the assault repented and sought refuge in the ''jacal'' then being used for Divine service. Captain Rivera refused to recognize the native's claim of sanctuary, reasoning that "''...the [place] where Holy mass was celebrated was not a church but a warehouse''." <ref>Engelhardt 1920, pp. 72-73: Father Font acknowledged that "''...the church is a jacal of tule, which is very poorly constructed and had formerly been used as a warehouse''." Rivera issued an "official note" to Father [[Vicente Fustér]] stating that "''...the Indian should be turned over within so many hours; if this was not done, he [Rivera] would take him out by force and bring him to the guardhouse as a prisoner''."</ref> Though threatened with excommunication, Rivera remained determined to remove the Indian (by force if necessary) and did so personally on March 26, 1776. Seeking to have his excommunication lifted, traveled to Monterey to bring the matter directly before Father Presidente Serra. After hearing the captain's arguments and reviewing several letters sent by the Mission fathers regarding the incident, Serra decided that Rivera was to return the prisoner to the church in San Diego, and that Fathers Font and Fustér would thereupon lift the excommunication.<ref>Engelhardt 1920, p.76: It is not known whether or not Rivera complied with Serra's direction in this regard.</ref>
The following February, one of the ''neophytes'' who had participated in the assault repented and sought refuge in the ''jacal'' then being used for Divine service. Captain Rivera refused to recognize the native's claim of sanctuary, reasoning that "''...the [place] where Holy mass was celebrated was not a church but a warehouse''." <ref>Engelhardt 1920, pp. 72-73: Father Font acknowledged that "''...the church is a jacal of tule, which is very poorly constructed and had formerly been used as a warehouse''." Rivera issued an "official note" to Father Vicente Fustér stating that "''...the Indian should be turned over within so many hours; if this was not done, he [Rivera] would take him out by force and bring him to the guardhouse as a prisoner''."</ref> Though threatened with excommunication, Rivera remained determined to remove the Indian (by force if necessary) and did so personally on March 26, 1776. Seeking to have his excommunication lifted, traveled to Monterey to bring the matter directly before Father Presidente Serra. After hearing the captain's arguments and reviewing several letters sent by the Mission fathers regarding the incident, Serra decided that Rivera was to return the prisoner to the church in San Diego, and that Fathers Font and Fustér would thereupon lift the excommunication.<ref>Engelhardt 1920, p.76: It is not known whether or not Rivera complied with Serra's direction in this regard.</ref>


[[Image:Don Fernando Rivera violates Church asylum.png|thumb|300px|right|{{Don Fernando Rivera violates Church asylum.png/credit}}<br/>Captain Fernando Rivera y Moncada violated ecclesiastical asylum at Mission San Diego de Alcalá on March 26, 1776. Missionary Father [[Pedro Font]] later described the scene: "''...Rivera entered the chapel with drawn sword...con la espada desnuda en la mano''." <ref>Engelhardt 1920, p. 76</ref>]]
San Diego achieved the reputation early on as site of the region's first public execution, one it may not deserve. On April 6, 1778 four native chiefs of ''Pámo,'' one of San Diego's Indian villages, were convicted of conspiring to kill Christians and were sentenced to death by José Francisco Ortega, Commandant of the Presidio of San Diego; the four were to be shot on April 11.<ref>Ruscin, p. 196; Bancroft, vol. i., p. 316</ref> However, there is some doubt as to whether or not the executions actually took place.<ref>Engelhardt 1920, pp. 96-97: Reference is made to three letters written by Father Serra to Father Lasuén dated April 22 and June 10, 1778 and September 28, 1779 wherein Father Serra expresses his satisfaction over Governor Felipe de Neve's apparent grants of clemency in this regard. Based on these writings, Engelhardt concludes "''It would seem that the sentence of death was commuted. At any rate, there are no particulars as to an execution''."</ref>
San Diego achieved the reputation early on as site of the region's first public execution, one it may not deserve. On April 6, 1778 four native chiefs of ''Pámo,'' one of San Diego's Indian ''rancherías'', were convicted of conspiring to kill Christians and were sentenced to death by José Francisco Ortega, Commandant of the Presidio of San Diego; the four were to be shot on April 11.<ref>Ruscin, p. 196; Bancroft, vol. i., p. 316</ref> However, there is some doubt as to whether or not the executions actually took place.<ref>Engelhardt 1920, pp. 96-97: Reference is made to three letters written by Father Serra to Father Lasuén dated April 22 and June 10, 1778 and September 28, 1779 wherein Father Serra expresses his satisfaction over Governor Felipe de Neve's apparant grants of clemency in this regard. Based on these writings, Engelhardt concludes "''It would seem that the sentence of death was commuted. At any rate, there are no particulars as to an execution''."</ref>


José María de Echeandía, the first native Mexican to be elected Governor of Alta California, issued his "Proclamation of Emancipation" (or "''Prevenciónes de Emancipacion''") on July 25, 1826.<ref>Engelhardt 1922, p. 80</ref> All Indians within the military districts of San Diego, Santa Barbara, and Monterey who were found qualified were freed from missionary rule and made eligible to become Mexican citizens; those who wished to remain under mission tutelage were exempted from most forms of corporal punishment.<ref>Bancroft, vol. i, pp. 100-101: Bancroft postulated that the motives behind the issuance of Echeandía's premature decree had more to do with the his desire to appease "''...some prominent Californians who had already had their eyes on the mission lands...''" than they did with concerns regarding the welfare of the natives.</ref> Catholic historian Zephyrin Engelhardt referred to Echeandía as "''...an avowed enemy of the religious orders''."&nbsp;<ref>Stern and Miller, pp. 51-52</ref> Although Governor José Figueroa (who took office in 1833) initially attempted to keep the mission system intact, the Mexican Congress nevertheless passed ''An Act for the Secularization of the Missions of California'' on August 17, 1833.<ref>Yenne, p. 19</ref> The Act also provided for the colonization of both Alta and Baja California, the expenses of this latter move to be borne by the proceeds gained from the sale of the mission property to private interests.
José María de Echeandía, the first native Mexican to be elected Governor of Alta California, issued his "Proclamation of Emancipation" (or "''Prevenciónes de Emancipacion''") on July 25, 1826.<ref>Engelhardt 1922, p. 80</ref> All Indians within the military districts of San Diego, Santa Barbara, and Monterey who were found qualified were freed from missionary rule and made eligible to become Mexican citizens; those who wished to remain under mission tutelage were exempted from most forms of corporal punishment.<ref>Bancroft, vol. i, pp. 100-101: Bancroft postulated that the motives behind the issuance of Echeandía's premature decree had more to do with the his desire to appease "''...some prominent Californians who had already had their eyes on the mission lands...''" than they did with concerns regarding the welfare of the natives.</ref> Catholic historian Zephyrin Engelhardt referred to Echeandía as "''...an avowed enemy of the religious orders''."&nbsp;<ref>Stern and Miller, pp. 51-52</ref> Although Governor José Figueroa (who took office in 1833) initially attempted to keep the mission system intact, the Mexican Congress nevertheless passed ''An Act for the Secularization of the Missions of California'' on August 17, 1833.<ref>Yenne, p. 19</ref> The Act also provided for the colonization of both Alta and Baja California, the expenses of this latter move to be borne by the proceeds gained from the sale of the mission property to private interests.


===Rancho Period (1834 &ndash; 1849)===
===Rancho Period (1834 &ndash; 1849)===
On August 9, 1834 Governor Figueroa issued his "Decree of Confiscation."&nbsp;<ref name="Engelhardt114">Engelhardt 1922, p. 114</ref> The missions were offered for sale to citizens, who were unable to come up with the price, so all mission property was broken up into ''ranchos'' and given to ex-military officers who had fought in Mexico's war against Spain. On June 8, 1846 Mission San Diego de Alcalá was given to Santiago Arguello by Governor Pío Pico "''...for services rendered to the government''."&nbsp;<ref>Leffingwell, p. 19</ref> After the [[United States]] seized [[California]], the Mission was used by the military from 1846 to 1862.
On August 9, 1834 Governor Figueroa issued his "Decree of Confiscation."&nbsp;<ref name="Engelhardt114">Engelhardt 1922, p. 114</ref> The missions were offered for sale to citizens, who were unable to come up with the price, so all mission property was broken up into ''ranchos'' and given to ex-military officers who had fought in Mexico's war against Spain. On June 8, 1846 Mission San Diego de Alcalá was given to Santiago Arguello by Governor Pío Pico "''...for services rendered to the government''."&nbsp;<ref name="Leffingwell19">Leffingwell, p. 19</ref> Upon execution of the [[Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo]] (which ended the [[Mexican–American War]] in 1848) the Mexican territory of [[Alta California]] became a [[United States of America]] territory, joining the Union in 1850.


===California Statehood (1850 &ndash; 1900)===
===California Statehood (1850 &ndash; 1900)===
President Abraham Lincoln signed a proclamation on May 23, 1862 that restored ownership of the Mission proper to the Roman Catholic Church.<ref name="engelhardt348">Engelhardt 1920, p. 348</ref><ref>Robinson, pp. 31-32: Patents for each mission were issued to Archbishop Joseph Sadoc Alemany based on his claim filed with the Public Land Commission on February 19, 1853.</ref> When Mission San Diego de Alcalá was granted back to the Church, it was in ruins. In the 1880s Father Anthony Ubach began to restore the old Mission buildings.
[[Image:Death of Father Jayme.jpg|thumb|300px|right|{{Death of Father Jayme.jpg/credit}}<br/>An illustration depicts the brutal death of Father Luís Jayme at the hands of angry natives at Mission San Diego de Alcalá, November 4, 1775.<ref>Ruscin, p. 12</ref> A carpenter named Urselino and José Romero, a blacksmith, were also killed during the attack.<ref name="Leffingwell19">Leffingwell, p. 19</ref> The uprising was the first of a dozen similar incidents that took place in Alta California during the Mission Period.<ref>Paddison, p. 48</ref><ref>Chapman 1921, pp. 310-311: Chapman notes that "''Latter-day historians have been altogether too prone to regard the hostility to the Spaniards on the part of the California Indians as a matter of small consequence, since no disaster in fact ever happened...On the other hand the San Diego plot involved untold thousands of Indians, being virtually a national uprising, and owing to the distance from New Spain to and the extreme difficulty of maintaining communications a victory for the Indians would have ended Spanish settlement in Alta California''." As it turned out, "''...the position of the Spaniards was strengthened by the San Diego outbreak, for the Indians felt from that time forth that it was impossible to throw out their conquerors''." See also [[Mission Puerto de Purísima Concepción]] and [[Mission San Pedro y San Pablo de Bicuñer]] regarding the ''Yuma'' massacres of 1781.</ref>]]
Beginning in November, 1853 and continuing through late 1858 or early 1859, various companies of artillery and cavalry were housed at the Mission complex. During the occupation the soldiers effected a number of repairs and added a second floor to the chapel building. President [[Abraham Lincoln]] signed a proclamation on May 23, 1862 that restored ownership of the Mission proper to the Roman Catholic Church.<ref name="Leffingwell19">Leffingwell, p. 19</ref><ref>Robinson, pp. 31-32: Patents for each mission were issued to Archbishop Joseph Sadoc Alemany based on his claim filed with the Public Land Commission on February 19, 1853.</ref> When Mission San Diego de Alcalá was granted back to the Church, it was in ruins. In the 1880s Father Anthony Ubach began to restore the old Mission buildings.


===20th century and beyond (1901 &ndash; present)===
===20th century and beyond (1901 &ndash; present)===
Father Ubach died in 1907 and restoration work ceased until 1931. In 1941, the Mission once again became a parish church, in what is still an active parish serving the Diocese of San Diego. In 1976, Pope Paul VI designated the Mission church as a minor basilica.  
Father Ubach died in 1907 and restoration work ceased until 1931. In 1941, the Mission once again became a parish church, in what is still an active parish serving the Diocese of San Diego. In 1976, Pope Paul VI designated the Mission church as a minor basilica.


==Other historic designations==
==Legacy==
===Other designations===
* California Historical Landmark [http://ohp.parks.ca.gov/default.asp?page_id=21478 #52] &mdash; mission dam and flume system completed in 1816
* California Historical Landmark [http://ohp.parks.ca.gov/default.asp?page_id=21478 #52] &mdash; mission dam and flume system completed in 1816
* California Historical Landmark [http://ohp.parks.ca.gov/default.asp?page_id=21478 #784] &mdash; El Camino Real (starting point in Alta California)
* California Historical Landmark [http://ohp.parks.ca.gov/default.asp?page_id=21478 #784] &mdash; El Camino Real (starting point in Alta California)
Line 132: Line 140:


==Mission industries==
==Mission industries==
[[Image:SD cattle brand.png|thumb|100px|right|{{SD cattle brand.png/credit}}<br/>The cattle brand used at Mission San Diego.<ref>Engelhardt 1920, p. 223. From the '"California Archives, State Papers, Missions'', vol. vi, p. 180.</ref>]]
Wheat, corn, wine grapes, barley, and beans were the major crops grown at San Diego; cattle, horses, and sheep were raised as well. In 1795, construction on a system of aqueducts was begun to bring water to the fields and the Mission (the the first irrigation project in Upper California). Supervising the work was Fray Pedro Panto, who was poisoned by his Indian cook ''Nazario'' before the project was completed.<ref name="Smythe 1907">Smythe, p. 77</ref>
The goal of the missions was, above all, to become self-sufficient in relatively short order. Farming, therefore, was the most important industry of any mission. Prior to the establishment of the missions, the native peoples knew only how to utilize bone, seashells, stone, and wood for building, tool making, weapons, and so forth. The missionaries discovered that the Indians, who regarded labor as degrading to the masculine sex, had to be taught industry in order to learn how to be self-supportive. The result was the establishment of a great manual training school that comprised agriculture, the mechanical arts, and the raising and care of livestock. Everything consumed and otherwise utilized by the natives was produced at the missions under the supervision of the padres; thus, the neophytes not only supported themselves, but after 1811 sustained the entire military and civil government of California.<ref>Engelhardt 1922, p. 211</ref> Wheat, corn, wine grapes, barley, beans, cattle, horses, and sheep were the major crops at San Diego. In 1795, construction on a system of aqueducts was begun to bring water to the fields and the Mission (the the first irrigation project in Upper California). The building manager was [http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fray_Pedro_Panto Fray Pedro Panto], who was poisoned by his Indian cook ''Nazario'' before the project was completed.


==Mission bells==
==Mission bells==
Bells were vitally important to daily life at any mission. The bells were rung at mealtimes, to call the Mission residents to work and to religious services, during births and funerals, to signal the approach of a ship or returning missionary, and at other times; novices were instructed in the intricate rituals associated with the ringing the mission bells.
[[Image:Bells of Mission San DIego.jpg|thumb|right|300px|{{Bells of Mission San DIego.jpg/credit}}<br />A detail drawing of four of Mission San Diego's five bells prepared in 1937.]]
Bells were vitally important to daily life at any mission. The bells were rung at mealtimes, to call the Mission residents to work and to religious services, during births and funerals, to signal the approach of a ship or returning missionary, and at other times; novices were instructed in the intricate rituals associated with the ringing the mission bells. The largest, and sole original bell hanging in Mission San Diego's 46-foot-high ''campanario'', or "bell wall," is the ''Mater Del Orosa''.  Weighing in at some 1,200 pounds (544 kilograms), the bell was originally cast in [[New Spain]] in 1796, then recast in  San Diego in 1894 from the remnants of the other four original bells.<ref>Krell, p. 78</ref> The slightly smaller adjacent bell was cast in 1802 and bears the inscription ''S~IVAN~MUCENO~AVE~MARIA~PURISIMA''. It is the only bell to feature a "conan" (crown). The middle pair of bells are essentially identical, and were cast in 1789. One bell is inscribed ''SA~NTA~MARI~ANDALENA~ANO~DE~1789.''
 
The crown bell is rung daily at noon and at six p.m., and before Sunday Mass. All five bells are rung in unison only on the anniversary of the Mission's founding as part of the annual "Festival of the Bells."


==Notes==
==Notes and references==
[[Image:Primitive plow.jpg|thumb|300px|{{Primitive plow.jpg/credit}}<br/>Natives utilize a primitive plow to prepare a field for planting near Mission San Diego de Alcalá.]]
{{reflist|2}}[[Category:Suggestion Bot Tag]]
[[Image:Mission San Diego de Alcalá in 1848.jpg|thumb|300px|right|{{Mission San Diego de Alcalá in 1848.jpg/credit}}<br/>A painting of Mission San Diego de Alcalá as it appeared in 1848 depicts the original ''campanario'' ("bell tower"), before it was reduced to rubble. The painting also shows the enclosed front ''portico''.]]
[[Image:SD restored property.png|thumb|300px|{{SD restored property.png/credit}}<br/>The "Alemany Plat" prepared by the U.S. Land Surveyor's Office to define the property restored to the Catholic Church by the Public Land Commission, later confirmed by presidential proclamation on May 23, 1862.<ref>Engelhardt 1920, p. 346</ref>]]
[[Image:A Lincoln.png|thumb|300px|right|{{A Lincoln.png/credit}}<br/>President Abraham Lincoln's signature as it appeared on the United States Patent that restored the Mission property to the Catholic Church in 1862. This is one of the few documents that the President signed as "''A. Lincoln''" instead of his customary "''Abraham Lincoln''."&nbsp;<ref name="engelhardt348">Engelhardt 1920, p. 348</ref>]]
[[Image:San Diego Alcala circa 1900 Keystone-Mast Company.jpg|thumb|300px|right|{{San Diego Alcala circa 1900 Keystone-Mast Company.jpg/credit}}<br/>Mission San Diego de Alcalá as it stood ''circa'' 1900.]]
[[Image: Mission San Diego T-AO-121.jpg|thumb|right|300px|{{Mission San Diego T-AO-121.jpg/credit}}<br/>[[USNS Mission San Diego (T-AO-121)| USNS ''Mission San Diego'' (T-AO-121)]] was the eleventh of twenty-seven ''[[USNS Mission Buenaventura (T-AO-111)|Mission Buenaventura]]''-class fleet oilers built during [[World War II]] for service in the [[United States Navy]], and the only U.S. Naval vessel to have borne the name.<ref>''Mission San Diego''</ref>]]
{{reflist}}

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Spanish missions in California
Deakin SD circa 1899.jpg
Mission San Diego de Alcalá, circa 1899.[1]
HISTORY
Location: San Diego, California
Coordinates: 32° 47′ 4″ N, 117° 6′ 23″ W
Name as Founded: La Misión San Diego de Alcalá [2]
English Translation: The Mission of Saint Didacus of Alcalá [3]
Patron Saint: Saint Didacus of Alcalá de Henares, Spain [2]
Nickname(s): "Mother of the Alta California Missions" [4]
Founding Date: July 16, 1769 [5]
Founded By: Father Presidente Junípero Serra [6]
Founding Order: First [3]
Headquarters of the Alta California Mission System: 1769–1771 [7]
Military District: First [8][9]
Native Tribe(s):
Spanish Name(s): 		Kumeyaay (Ipai / Tipai) [5]
Diegueño [5]
Primordial Place Name(s): Kosoi, Nipawai [10] (also Nipaguay [11])
SPIRITUAL RESULTS
Baptisms: 6,522 [12]
Confirmations: 1,379 [13]
Marriages: 1,794 [12]
Burials: 4,322 [12]
Year of Neophyte Population Peak: 1824 [14][15]
Neophyte Population: 1,455 [14][15]
Neophyte Population in 1832: 1,828 [14][15]
DISPOSITION
Secularized: 1834 [3]
Returned to the Church: 1862 [3]
Caretaker: Roman Catholic Diocese of San Diego
Current Use: Parish Church
Current Land Area: 5 acres
National Historic Landmark: #NPS–70000144
Date added to the NRHP: April 15, 1970 [16]
California Historical Landmark: #242
Web Site: http://missionsandiego.com

Mission San Diego de Alcalá is a former religious outpost established by Spanish colonists on the west coast of North America in the present-day State of California (U.S. state). Founded on July 16, 1769 by Roman Catholics of the Franciscan Order, the settlement was the first in the twenty-one mission Alta California chain, and is therefore known today as "California's First Church." Named after a lay brother of the Order of Friars Minor who died at Alcalá de Henares, Spain in 1463, Mission San Diego was the site of the first Christian burial in Alta California, and of the region's first public execution. Father Luís Jayme, "California's First Christian Martyr," lies entombed beneath the chancel floor. Designated as a historic landmark at both the state and national levels, in 1976 Pope Paul VI named the Mission as a Minor Basilica. Today the chapel serves as a parish church within the Roman Catholic Diocese of San Diego.

History

Precontact and early contact

The former Spanish settlement at Nipawai lies within that area occupied during the late Paleoindian period and continuing on into the present day by the Native American society commonly known as the Diegueño;[17] the name denotes those people who were ministered by the padres at Mission San Diego de Alcalá.[18] Relatively much is known about the native inhabitants in recent centuries, thanks in part to the efforts of the Spanish explorer Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, who documented his observations of life in the coastal villages he encountered along the Southern California coast in October of 1542.[19] Cabrillo, a Portuguese navigator in the service of Spain, is credited with the "discovery" of San Diego Bay. On the evening of September 28, 1542 the ships San Salvador and Victoria sailed into the harbor, whereupon Cabrillo christened it "San Miguel." [20] During that expedition a landing party went ashore and briefly interacted with a small group of natives. Some sixty years later another Spanish explorer, Sebastián Vizcaíno, made landfall some ten miles from the present Mission site. Under Vizcaíno's command the San Diego, Santo Tomás, and frigate Tres Reyes dropped anchor on November 10, 1602, and the port was renamed "San Diego de Alcalá." [21][22]

It would be another 167 years before the Spanish returned to San Diego. Ever since the voyages of Christopher Columbus, the Kingdom of Spain sought to establish missions to convert the pagans in Nueva España ("New Spain") to Roman Catholicism in order to facilitate colonization of these lands. However, it was not until 1741—the time of the Vitus Bering expedition, when the territorial ambitions of Tsarist Russia towards North America became known—that King Philip V felt such installations were necessary in Upper California.[23] Finally in 1769 Visitador General José de Gálvez sent the expedition of Junípero Serra and Gaspar de Portolà to found a mission at San Diego and presidio at Monterey, respectively, thereby securing Spain's claim to the entire Pacific Coast by right of doscovery.[24] Two groups traveled from Lower California on foot, while a pair of packet ships (bearing supplies) traveled up the coast from the Baja Peninsula.[25][26]

Mission Period (1769 – 1833)

The first expedition to reach San Diego came by sea aboard the packet ship San Antonio, commanded by Captain Juan Pérez, which sailed into port on April 11 and dropped anchor near Point Guijarros.[27] Under the command of Captain Vicente Vila, the San Carlos (formerly the Golden Fleece), despite having put to sea well ahead of her sister ship, nonetheless did not arrive in San Diego until the afternoon of April 29, severe storms having hampered her progress. The first overland expedition, under Captain Fernando Rivera y Moncada, completed their journey on the afternoon of May 4, while Governor Portolà's contingent arrived on June 29.[28] Many members of the overland expeditions fell ill along the way, and a majority of the crews from both ships contracted scurvy during their voyages; in all, over a hundred men (including the crew of a third ship, the San José which went down en route) died.[5] Portolà and the "Sacred Expedition" continued on to Monterey Bay on July 14, and just two days later, on July 16, a cross was raised and Father Serra held the first Holy Mass; Mission San Diego de Alcalá was officially founded.[2] The padres' initial efforts to establish an outpost at the San Diego met with little success. The Mission was originally founded at a site overlooking the Bay known today as "Presidio Hill" (Kosoi to the natives), but the natives resented the Spaniards' intrusion, and the settlement was attacked within a month.[29][30] By the first few months of 1770, food had run low, no permanent buildings were erected, and there had yet to be a single conversion. Four soldiers, eight Catalonian volunteers, one servant, and six Christian Indians from Lower California had died from scurvy since the expedition's arrival; serious consideration was therefore given to abandoning the site and returning to the Baja settlements. It was therefore determined that, if a supply ship did not arrive by March 19 (Saint Joseph's Day), the expedition would be recalled.[31] Father-Presidente Serra, in response, wrote a lengthy letter addressed to Father Francisco Palóu the following day:

Four Fathers, Fr. Juan Crespí, Fr. Fernando Parrón, Fr. Francisco Gómez, and I, are here, ready to found a second mission, if the ships arrive. Should we see that hope and supplies are vanishing, I shall remain here alone with Fr. Juan Crespí and hold out to the very last. May God give us His holy grace. Recommend us to God that so it may be...[32]

(PD) Drawing: Alexander Harmer
The Ship! The Ship! California is saved! Father Serra rejoices at the sight of the packet ship San Antonio entering San Diego Bay on March 19, 1770 with desperately-needed food and supplies. The San Carlos rests at anchor just offshore.[33]

Serra feared that if San Diego were abandoned, "..centuries might come and go before the country would again be revisited...;" finally, just before sunset on the 19th, the San Antonio entered the harbor.[34] The ship had been bound for Monterey to deliver supplies to the expedition waiting there, but had lost one of its anchors and was forced to make port in San Diego, where a spare anchor from the San Carlos could be retrieved.[34] With the settlement now properly putfitted with supplies, the missionaries set about constructing permanent buildings at Kosoi, in 1773 the site of California's first Christian burial.[35] The Mission was relocated to its present location (the native village of Nipawai) in August of 1774.[36] The lack of a dependable water supply, coupled with the proximity of the military personnel at the presidio, led Father Luís Jayme to seek permission to relocate the mission from its original site, to the valley some six miles upriver to the east, where it remains today. Almost immediately there was a noticeable increase in the number of baptisms, which in 1775 totaled 431 (compared to 274 for the preceding four years combined).[37]

Native resistance continued almost unabated.[38] At approximately 1:30 a.m., on the moonlit night of November 4, 1775, between 600 and 800 warriors from the surrounding rancherías silently crept into the Mission compound. After plundering the chapel, they set the other buildings ablaze. The commotion soon awakened the two missionaries, the Spanish guards, and the Christian neophytes. Fray Jayme (who had been left behind to run the Mission while Father Serra moved on to found other missions) was killed in the melee, thereby making him California's first Christian martyr.[39] The Mission buildings were reduced to ashes, and all records and manuscripts lost in the blaze; the censer, the chalice used at Holy mass, and the pieces of coin used during marriage ceremonies were "melted into a solid mass." [40] Although resentment over various abuses had likely built up over a period of time, the recent infliction of corporal punishment by the missionaries apparently instigated the attack.[41] Relocation of the Mission proper in August of 1774 (six miles east of the presidio to the present-day chapel complex site; closer to the native villages) no doubt caused great consternation among the nearby indigenous population as well.[42]

The following February, one of the neophytes who had participated in the assault repented and sought refuge in the jacal then being used for Divine service. Captain Rivera refused to recognize the native's claim of sanctuary, reasoning that "...the [place] where Holy mass was celebrated was not a church but a warehouse." [43] Though threatened with excommunication, Rivera remained determined to remove the Indian (by force if necessary) and did so personally on March 26, 1776. Seeking to have his excommunication lifted, traveled to Monterey to bring the matter directly before Father Presidente Serra. After hearing the captain's arguments and reviewing several letters sent by the Mission fathers regarding the incident, Serra decided that Rivera was to return the prisoner to the church in San Diego, and that Fathers Font and Fustér would thereupon lift the excommunication.[44]

San Diego achieved the reputation early on as site of the region's first public execution, one it may not deserve. On April 6, 1778 four native chiefs of Pámo, one of San Diego's Indian villages, were convicted of conspiring to kill Christians and were sentenced to death by José Francisco Ortega, Commandant of the Presidio of San Diego; the four were to be shot on April 11.[45] However, there is some doubt as to whether or not the executions actually took place.[46]

José María de Echeandía, the first native Mexican to be elected Governor of Alta California, issued his "Proclamation of Emancipation" (or "Prevenciónes de Emancipacion") on July 25, 1826.[47] All Indians within the military districts of San Diego, Santa Barbara, and Monterey who were found qualified were freed from missionary rule and made eligible to become Mexican citizens; those who wished to remain under mission tutelage were exempted from most forms of corporal punishment.[48] Catholic historian Zephyrin Engelhardt referred to Echeandía as "...an avowed enemy of the religious orders." [49] Although Governor José Figueroa (who took office in 1833) initially attempted to keep the mission system intact, the Mexican Congress nevertheless passed An Act for the Secularization of the Missions of California on August 17, 1833.[50] The Act also provided for the colonization of both Alta and Baja California, the expenses of this latter move to be borne by the proceeds gained from the sale of the mission property to private interests.

Rancho Period (1834 – 1849)

On August 9, 1834 Governor Figueroa issued his "Decree of Confiscation." [51] The missions were offered for sale to citizens, who were unable to come up with the price, so all mission property was broken up into ranchos and given to ex-military officers who had fought in Mexico's war against Spain. On June 8, 1846 Mission San Diego de Alcalá was given to Santiago Arguello by Governor Pío Pico "...for services rendered to the government." [52] Upon execution of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (which ended the Mexican–American War in 1848) the Mexican territory of Alta California became a United States of America territory, joining the Union in 1850.

California Statehood (1850 – 1900)

(PD) Drawing: Alexander Harmer
An illustration depicts the brutal death of Father Luís Jayme at the hands of angry natives at Mission San Diego de Alcalá, November 4, 1775.[53] A carpenter named Urselino and José Romero, a blacksmith, were also killed during the attack.[52] The uprising was the first of a dozen similar incidents that took place in Alta California during the Mission Period.[54][55]

Beginning in November, 1853 and continuing through late 1858 or early 1859, various companies of artillery and cavalry were housed at the Mission complex. During the occupation the soldiers effected a number of repairs and added a second floor to the chapel building. President Abraham Lincoln signed a proclamation on May 23, 1862 that restored ownership of the Mission proper to the Roman Catholic Church.[52][56] When Mission San Diego de Alcalá was granted back to the Church, it was in ruins. In the 1880s Father Anthony Ubach began to restore the old Mission buildings.

20th century and beyond (1901 – present)

Father Ubach died in 1907 and restoration work ceased until 1931. In 1941, the Mission once again became a parish church, in what is still an active parish serving the Diocese of San Diego. In 1976, Pope Paul VI designated the Mission church as a minor basilica.

Legacy

Other designations

  • California Historical Landmark #52 — mission dam and flume system completed in 1816
  • California Historical Landmark #784 — El Camino Real (starting point in Alta California)
  • City of San Diego Historic Designation #113

Mission industries

Wheat, corn, wine grapes, barley, and beans were the major crops grown at San Diego; cattle, horses, and sheep were raised as well. In 1795, construction on a system of aqueducts was begun to bring water to the fields and the Mission (the the first irrigation project in Upper California). Supervising the work was Fray Pedro Panto, who was poisoned by his Indian cook Nazario before the project was completed.[57]

Mission bells

(PD) Drawing: Historic American Buildings Survey
A detail drawing of four of Mission San Diego's five bells prepared in 1937.

Bells were vitally important to daily life at any mission. The bells were rung at mealtimes, to call the Mission residents to work and to religious services, during births and funerals, to signal the approach of a ship or returning missionary, and at other times; novices were instructed in the intricate rituals associated with the ringing the mission bells. The largest, and sole original bell hanging in Mission San Diego's 46-foot-high campanario, or "bell wall," is the Mater Del Orosa. Weighing in at some 1,200 pounds (544 kilograms), the bell was originally cast in New Spain in 1796, then recast in San Diego in 1894 from the remnants of the other four original bells.[58] The slightly smaller adjacent bell was cast in 1802 and bears the inscription S~IVAN~MUCENO~AVE~MARIA~PURISIMA. It is the only bell to feature a "conan" (crown). The middle pair of bells are essentially identical, and were cast in 1789. One bell is inscribed SA~NTA~MARI~ANDALENA~ANO~DE~1789.

The crown bell is rung daily at noon and at six p.m., and before Sunday Mass. All five bells are rung in unison only on the anniversary of the Mission's founding as part of the annual "Festival of the Bells."

Notes and references

  1. ↑ (PD) Painting: Edwin Deakin
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Leffingwell, p. 17
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Krell, p. 71
  4. ↑ Young, p. 14
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Yenne, p. 24
  6. ↑ Ruscin, p. 196
  7. ↑ Yenne, p. 186
  8. ↑ Forbes, p. 202
  9. ↑ Engelhardt 1920, pp. v, 228: "The military district of San Diego embraced the Missions of San Diego, San Luis Rey, San Juan Capistrano, and San Gabriel..."
  10. ↑ Ruscin, p. 195
  11. ↑ Bancroft, P. 220
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Krell, p. 315: as of December 31, 1832; information adapted from Engelhardt's Missions and Missionaries of California.
  13. ↑ Engelhardt 1920, pp. 300-301: as of December 31, 1832. An additional 426 confirmations were performed between January 1, 1833 and December 31, 1841.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Krell, p. 315: Information adapted from Engelhardt's Missions and Missionaries of California.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 Engelhardt 1920, pp. 300-301: The smallest recorded neophyte population (97) was seen in 1774.
  16. ↑ San Diego Mission Church
  17. ↑ Kroeber 1925, p. 883: Kroeber estimated that the native population in the immediate vicinity of San Diego was approximately 3,000 in 1770 (exclusive of those in Baja California).
  18. ↑ As with other Spanish names given to the indigenous tribes they encountered, the appellation Diegueño does not necessarily identify a specific ethnic or tribal group.
  19. ↑ Yenne, p. 8
  20. ↑ Engelhardt 1920, p. 3: September 28 was the eve of the "Feast of the Archangel Saint Michael."
  21. ↑ Engelhardt 1920, pp. 6-9: November 10 was the eve of "St. Martin's Day."
  22. ↑ Davidson, p. 2: "Sebastian Vizcaino, entering Nov. 11-12, 1602, first applied the name San Diego de Alcalá to this port."
  23. ↑ Morrison, p. 214
  24. ↑ Yenne, p. 10
  25. ↑ Engelhardt 1920, p. 9
  26. ↑ Yenne, p. 10: In January, 1769 the San Carlos departed Baya de San Barnabé in La Paz, followed a month later by the San Antonio, which sailed out of Cabo San Lucas. A third vessel, the San José, left New Spain later that spring but was lost at sea.
  27. ↑ Engelhardt 1920, pp. 9-10: "Ballast Point" is also the likely spot of Cabrillo's anchorage.
  28. ↑ Engelhardt 1920, pp. 13, 17: Father Serra arrived with the second expedition's main body on July 1, forty-six days after having left Misión San Fernando Rey de España de Velicatá.
  29. ↑ Young, p. 12
  30. ↑ Engelhardt 1922, p. 12: Not all of the native cultures responded with hostility to the Spaniards' presence.
  31. ↑ Engelhardt 1920, p. 32: On February 7, Pedro Fages and Engineer Miguel Costansó wrote to Viceroy José de Gálvez that "..they [the troops remaining] could hold this Port until the arrival of one of the packetboats San José or the Principe (San Antonio) which we are expecting daily"—"podrá conservar este Puerto hasta la venida de uno los pacbotes El San José ó El Principe (San Antonio) que esperamos de dia á otro."
  32. ↑ Engelhardt 1920, p. 33
  33. ↑ Engelhardt 1920, pp. 35-37
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 Engelhardt 1920, p. 36
  35. ↑ Ruscin, p. 196
  36. ↑ Ruscin, p. 7
  37. ↑ Engelhardt 1920, p. 300
  38. ↑ "Tipai-Ipai" by Katharine Luomala pp. 592-609 in Volume 8, "California" in the Handbook of North American Indians: "Of all the mission tribes in the Californias, Tipais and Ipais most stubbornly and violently resisted Franciscan or Dominican control."
  39. ↑ Ruscin, p. 11
  40. ↑ Engelhardt 1920, p. 71
  41. ↑ Archibald: "Open revolt is, of course, the most obvious reaction to real or imagined oppression."
  42. ↑ Carrico: Perhaps more compelling, one informant reported that one underlying motive for the sacking was fear that villagers would be seized and made to work in the Mission fields.
  43. ↑ Engelhardt 1920, pp. 72-73: Father Font acknowledged that "...the church is a jacal of tule, which is very poorly constructed and had formerly been used as a warehouse." Rivera issued an "official note" to Father Vicente Fustér stating that "...the Indian should be turned over within so many hours; if this was not done, he [Rivera] would take him out by force and bring him to the guardhouse as a prisoner."
  44. ↑ Engelhardt 1920, p.76: It is not known whether or not Rivera complied with Serra's direction in this regard.
  45. ↑ Ruscin, p. 196; Bancroft, vol. i., p. 316
  46. ↑ Engelhardt 1920, pp. 96-97: Reference is made to three letters written by Father Serra to Father Lasuén dated April 22 and June 10, 1778 and September 28, 1779 wherein Father Serra expresses his satisfaction over Governor Felipe de Neve's apparent grants of clemency in this regard. Based on these writings, Engelhardt concludes "It would seem that the sentence of death was commuted. At any rate, there are no particulars as to an execution."
  47. ↑ Engelhardt 1922, p. 80
  48. ↑ Bancroft, vol. i, pp. 100-101: Bancroft postulated that the motives behind the issuance of Echeandía's premature decree had more to do with the his desire to appease "...some prominent Californians who had already had their eyes on the mission lands..." than they did with concerns regarding the welfare of the natives.
  49. ↑ Stern and Miller, pp. 51-52
  50. ↑ Yenne, p. 19
  51. ↑ Engelhardt 1922, p. 114
  52. ↑ 52.0 52.1 52.2 Leffingwell, p. 19
  53. ↑ Ruscin, p. 12
  54. ↑ Paddison, p. 48
  55. ↑ Chapman 1921, pp. 310-311: Chapman notes that "Latter-day historians have been altogether too prone to regard the hostility to the Spaniards on the part of the California Indians as a matter of small consequence, since no disaster in fact ever happened...On the other hand the San Diego plot involved untold thousands of Indians, being virtually a national uprising, and owing to the distance from New Spain to and the extreme difficulty of maintaining communications a victory for the Indians would have ended Spanish settlement in Alta California." As it turned out, "...the position of the Spaniards was strengthened by the San Diego outbreak, for the Indians felt from that time forth that it was impossible to throw out their conquerors." See also Mission Puerto de Purísima Concepción and Mission San Pedro y San Pablo de Bicuñer regarding the Yuma massacres of 1781.
  56. ↑ Robinson, pp. 31-32: Patents for each mission were issued to Archbishop Joseph Sadoc Alemany based on his claim filed with the Public Land Commission on February 19, 1853.
  57. ↑ Smythe, p. 77
  58. ↑ Krell, p. 78
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