Diabetic ketoacidosis: Difference between revisions

From Citizendium
Jump to navigation Jump to search
imported>Robert Badgett
No edit summary
(removing 2 duplicate reference definitions)
 
(12 intermediate revisions by 2 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{subpages}}
{{subpages}}
In [[medicine]], '''diabetic ketoacidosis''' ('''DKA''') is a type of metabolic [[acidosis]] that is a "life-threatening complication of diabetes mellitus, primarily of [[Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus]] with severe [[insulin]] deficiency and [[hyperglycemia]]. It is characterized by excessive [[lipolysis]], oxidation of fatty acids, production of ketone bodies, a sweet smell to the breath ([[ketosis]];) [[dehydration]]; and depressed consciousness leading to [[coma]].<ref>{{MeSH}}</ref>
{{TOC|right}}
In [[medicine]], '''diabetic ketoacidosis''' ('''DKA''') is a type of metabolic [[acidosis]] that is a "life-threatening complication of diabetes mellitus, primarily of [[Diabetes mellitus type 1|Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus]] with severe [[insulin]] deficiency and [[hyperglycemia]]. It is characterized by excessive [[lipolysis]], oxidation of fatty acids, production of ketone bodies, a sweet smell to the breath ([[ketosis]];) [[dehydration]]; and depressed consciousness leading to [[coma]].<ref>{{MeSH}}</ref> can also occur with [[Diabetes mellitus type 2]]<ref name="pmid16520476">{{cite journal| author=Umpierrez GE, Smiley D, Kitabchi AE| title=Narrative review: ketosis-prone type 2 diabetes mellitus. | journal=Ann Intern Med | year= 2006 | volume= 144 | issue= 5 | pages= 350-7 | pmid=16520476
| url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=clinical.uthscsa.edu/cite&email=badgett@uthscdsa.edu&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16520476 }} <!--Formatted by http://sumsearch.uthscsa.edu/cite/--></ref>


Treatment begins with fluid replacement; insulin is not started immediately. It is often secondary to infection or other comorbidity, which must be diagnosed and treated.<ref name="pmid20048266">{{cite journal| author=Wilson JF| title=In clinic. Diabetic ketoacidosis. | journal=Ann Intern Med | year= 2010 | volume= 152 | issue= 1 | pages= ITC1-1, ITC1-2, ITC1-3,ITC1-4, ITC1-5, ITC1-6, ITC1-7, ITC1-8, ITC1-9, ITC1-10, ITC1-11, ITC1-12, ITC1-13, ITC1-14, ITC1-15, table of contents; quiz ITC1-16 | pmid=20048266  
DKA is often secondary to infection or other comorbidity, which must be diagnosed and treated.<ref name="pmid20048266">{{cite journal| author=Wilson JF| title=In clinic. Diabetic ketoacidosis. | journal=Ann Intern Med | year= 2010 | volume= 152 | issue= 1 | pages= ITC1 | pmid=20048266  
| url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=clinical.uthscsa.edu/cite&email=badgett@uthscdsa.edu&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20048266 | doi=10.1059/0003-4819-152-1-201001050-01001 }} <!--Formatted by http://sumsearch.uthscsa.edu/cite/--></ref><ref name=eMedicine>{{citation
| url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=clinical.uthscsa.edu/cite&email=badgett@uthscdsa.edu&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20048266 | doi=10.1059/0003-4819-152-1-201001050-01001 }} <!--Formatted by http://sumsearch.uthscsa.edu/cite/--></ref><ref name=eMedicine>{{citation
  | url = http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/766275-print
  | url = http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/766275-print
  | journal = eMedicine | date = February 12, 2008 | author =  Rucker DW
  | journal = eMedicine | date = February 12, 2008 | author =  Rucker DW
  | title = Diabetic ketoacidosis
  | title = Diabetic ketoacidosis
}}</ref>As it is treated, DKA converts from a high anion gap metabolic [[acidosis]] to a normal anion gap metabolic [[acidosis]] due to "excretion of ketone anions in the urine"<ref name="pmid102229">{{cite journal |author=Oh MS, Carroll HJ, Goldstein DA, Fein IA |title=Hyperchloremic acidosis during the recovery phase of diabetic ketosis |journal=Ann. Intern. Med. |volume=89 |issue=6 |pages=925–7 |year=1978 |month=December |pmid=102229 |doi= |url= |issn=}}</ref>, especially if excreted with sodium or potassium cations.  
}}</ref>
 
==Diagnosis==
Criteria from the American Diabetic Association state:
* Serum glucose ≥ 250 mg/dL
* Serum anion gap > 10 mEq/L
* Bicarbonate ≤ 18 mEq/L
* Serum pH ≤ 7.30
* Presence of ketosis
 
Venous [[blood gas analysis]] may be used in place of arterial [[blood gas analysis]] and serum chemistry.<ref name="pmid21951652">{{cite journal| author=Menchine M, Probst MA, Agy C, Bach D, Arora S| title=Diagnostic accuracy of venous blood gas electrolytes for identifying diabetic ketoacidosis in the emergency department. | journal=Acad Emerg Med | year= 2011 | volume= 18 | issue= 10 | pages= 1105-8 | pmid=21951652 | doi=10.1111/j.1553-2712.2011.01158.x | pmc= | url= }} </ref>
 
The blood glucose is above 250 mg/dl in over 90% of patients.<ref name="pmid7891491">{{cite journal| author=Lebovitz HE| title=Diabetic ketoacidosis. | journal=Lancet | year= 1995 | volume= 345 | issue= 8952 | pages= 767-72 | pmid=7891491
| url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=clinical.uthscsa.edu/cite&email=badgett@uthscdsa.edu&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7891491 }} </ref><ref name="pmid19564476">{{cite journal| author=Kitabchi AE, Umpierrez GE, Miles JM, Fisher JN| title=Hyperglycemic crises in adult patients with diabetes. | journal=Diabetes Care | year= 2009 | volume= 32 | issue= 7 | pages= 1335-43 | pmid=19564476
| url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=clinical.uthscsa.edu/cite&email=badgett@uthscdsa.edu&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19564476 | doi=10.2337/dc09-9032 | pmc=PMC2699725 }}</ref>
 
Urine test sticks measure [[acetoacetate]] and not [[3-hydroxybutyrate]] (β-hydroxybutyrate) although 3-hydroxybutyrate is the predominant ketone. Acetoacetate may not be elevated until later.
 
The [[anion gap]] and [[serum osmolality]] must be measured.
 
==Treatment==
Treatment begins with fluid replacement; insulin is not started immediately. As DKA is treated, DKA converts from a high anion gap metabolic [[acidosis]] to a normal anion gap metabolic [[acidosis]] due to "excretion of ketone anions in the urine"<ref name="pmid102229">{{cite journal |author=Oh MS, Carroll HJ, Goldstein DA, Fein IA |title=Hyperchloremic acidosis during the recovery phase of diabetic ketosis |journal=Ann. Intern. Med. |volume=89 |issue=6 |pages=925–7 |year=1978 |month=December |pmid=102229 |doi= |url= |issn=}}</ref>, especially if excreted with sodium or potassium cations.
 
DKA is resolved when:<ref name="pmid20048266"/>
* glucose level less than 11.1 mmol/L (200 mg/dL)
** two of
** serum bicarbonate level ≥ 15 mmol/L
** venous pH greater than 7.3
** anion gap < 12
 
When resolved and the patient is adequately eating, the patient should resume their usual insulin, or if the patient is a new diabetic, they should take a total of 0.5 to
0.8 U/kg per day.<ref  name="pmid20048266"/>
 
===Hospitalization===
Criteria for hospitalization, according to the American Diabetic Association, are:<ref name="pmid14693939">{{cite journal| author=American Diabetes Association| title=Hospital admission guidelines for diabetes. | journal=Diabetes Care | year= 2004 | volume= 27 Suppl 1 | issue=  | pages= S103 | pmid=14693939 | doi= | pmc= | url= }} </ref>
* Plasma glucose >250 mg/dl (>13.9 mmol/l) with
# arterial pH <7.30 and
# serum bicarbonate level <15 mEq/l
# moderate ketonuria and/or ketonemia


==References==
==References==
<references/>
<small>
<references>
 
</references>
</small>  
 
[[Category:Suggestion Bot Tag]]

Latest revision as of 12:37, 1 November 2024

This article is developing and not approved.
 Main Article
 Discussion
Related Articles  [?]
Bibliography  [?]
External Links  [?]
Citable Version  [?]
 
https://en.citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=Diabetic_ketoacidosis&printable=yes
This editable Main Article is under development and subject to a disclaimer.

In medicine, diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a type of metabolic acidosis that is a "life-threatening complication of diabetes mellitus, primarily of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus with severe insulin deficiency and hyperglycemia. It is characterized by excessive lipolysis, oxidation of fatty acids, production of ketone bodies, a sweet smell to the breath (ketosis;) dehydration; and depressed consciousness leading to coma.[1] can also occur with Diabetes mellitus type 2[2]

DKA is often secondary to infection or other comorbidity, which must be diagnosed and treated.[3][4]

Diagnosis

Criteria from the American Diabetic Association state:

  • Serum glucose ≥ 250 mg/dL
  • Serum anion gap > 10 mEq/L
  • Bicarbonate ≤ 18 mEq/L
  • Serum pH ≤ 7.30
  • Presence of ketosis

Venous blood gas analysis may be used in place of arterial blood gas analysis and serum chemistry.[5]

The blood glucose is above 250 mg/dl in over 90% of patients.[6][7]

Urine test sticks measure acetoacetate and not 3-hydroxybutyrate (β-hydroxybutyrate) although 3-hydroxybutyrate is the predominant ketone. Acetoacetate may not be elevated until later.

The anion gap and serum osmolality must be measured.

Treatment

Treatment begins with fluid replacement; insulin is not started immediately. As DKA is treated, DKA converts from a high anion gap metabolic acidosis to a normal anion gap metabolic acidosis due to "excretion of ketone anions in the urine"[8], especially if excreted with sodium or potassium cations.

DKA is resolved when:[3]

  • glucose level less than 11.1 mmol/L (200 mg/dL)
    • two of
    • serum bicarbonate level ≥ 15 mmol/L
    • venous pH greater than 7.3
    • anion gap < 12

When resolved and the patient is adequately eating, the patient should resume their usual insulin, or if the patient is a new diabetic, they should take a total of 0.5 to 0.8 U/kg per day.[3]

Hospitalization

Criteria for hospitalization, according to the American Diabetic Association, are:[9]

  • Plasma glucose >250 mg/dl (>13.9 mmol/l) with
  1. arterial pH <7.30 and
  2. serum bicarbonate level <15 mEq/l
  3. moderate ketonuria and/or ketonemia

References

  1. ↑ Anonymous (2024), Diabetic ketoacidosis (English). Medical Subject Headings. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  2. ↑ Umpierrez GE, Smiley D, Kitabchi AE (2006). "Narrative review: ketosis-prone type 2 diabetes mellitus.". Ann Intern Med 144 (5): 350-7. PMID 16520476.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Wilson JF (2010). "In clinic. Diabetic ketoacidosis.". Ann Intern Med 152 (1): ITC1. DOI:10.1059/0003-4819-152-1-201001050-01001. PMID 20048266. Research Blogging.
  4. ↑ Rucker DW (February 12, 2008), "Diabetic ketoacidosis", eMedicine
  5. ↑ Menchine M, Probst MA, Agy C, Bach D, Arora S (2011). "Diagnostic accuracy of venous blood gas electrolytes for identifying diabetic ketoacidosis in the emergency department.". Acad Emerg Med 18 (10): 1105-8. DOI:10.1111/j.1553-2712.2011.01158.x. PMID 21951652. Research Blogging.
  6. ↑ Lebovitz HE (1995). "Diabetic ketoacidosis.". Lancet 345 (8952): 767-72. PMID 7891491.
  7. ↑ Kitabchi AE, Umpierrez GE, Miles JM, Fisher JN (2009). "Hyperglycemic crises in adult patients with diabetes.". Diabetes Care 32 (7): 1335-43. DOI:10.2337/dc09-9032. PMID 19564476. PMC PMC2699725. Research Blogging.
  8. ↑ Oh MS, Carroll HJ, Goldstein DA, Fein IA (December 1978). "Hyperchloremic acidosis during the recovery phase of diabetic ketosis". Ann. Intern. Med. 89 (6): 925–7. PMID 102229. [e]
  9. ↑ American Diabetes Association (2004). "Hospital admission guidelines for diabetes.". Diabetes Care 27 Suppl 1: S103. PMID 14693939. [e]

Retrieved from "https://citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=Diabetic_ketoacidosis&oldid=992199"