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'''Time''' has been understood differently by different cultures, by different [[Philosophy|philosophers]] and [[Physics|physicists]], and in different contexts. This article will look at these differences in terms of three main approaches: the [[metaphysics]] of time, the [[perception]] of time, and the [[metric]] of time. | '''Time''' has been understood differently by different cultures, by different [[Philosophy|philosophers]] and [[Physics|physicists]], and in different contexts. This article will look at these differences in terms of three main approaches: the [[metaphysics]] of time, the [[perception]] of time, and the [[metric]] of time. | ||
==Metaphysics== | ==Metaphysics== | ||
Extensive reviews are available <ref name=whitrow61>Whitrow GJ. (1961) The Natural Philosophy of Time. Nelson, London.</ref> <ref name=whitrow88>Whitrow GJ. (1988) Time in History: The Evolution of Our General Awareness of Time and Temporal Perspective. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0192153617 [http://www.questia.com/read/12339233 Full-Text Online with Subscription]</ref>; <ref name="titleThe Experience and Perception of Time (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)">{{cite web |url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/time-experience/ |title=The Experience and Perception of Time (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy) |accessdate=2008-02-06 |format= |work=}}</ref> on the philosophical and metaphysical aspects of time. | |||
==Perception== | ==Perception== | ||
A concise review on the perception of time is available <ref name="titleAPA Digital Object Identifier">{{cite web |url=http://doi.apa.org/?uid=1981-02557-001 |title=APA Digital Object Identifier |accessdate=2008-02-06 |format= |work=}}</ref>. A book <ref name="titleTime Perception by Edward Willett">{{cite web |url=http://www.edwardwillett.com/Columns/timeperception.htm |title="Time Perception" by Edward Willett |accessdate=2008-02-06 |format= |work=}}</ref> on time perception is also available. | |||
==Metric== | ==Metric== | ||
Following the [[International System of Units]] (SI), the physical time is measured in [[second]]s. A second is defined as | Following the [[International System of Units]] (SI), the physical time is measured in [[second]]s. A second is defined as the duration of 9,192,631,770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the cesium 133 atom. [https://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Units/current.html (See NIST website)]. | ||
Many other measure units are in common use, which often do not obey the rules of the SI. Some common examples are: | Many other measure units are in common use, which often do not obey the rules of the SI. Some common examples are: | ||
# minute (60 seconds) | # minute (min, 60 seconds) | ||
# hour (60 minutes) | # hour (hr, 60 minutes) | ||
# day (24 hours) | # day (d, 24 hours) | ||
# week (7 days) | # week (wk, 7 days) | ||
# month (28 to 31 days) | # month (mo, 28 to 31 days) | ||
# year (12 months) | # year (yr, 12 months) | ||
In [[geology]], in order to describe even larger time intervals, other units are common as: | In [[geology]], in order to describe even larger time intervals, other units are common as: | ||
# ky | # kiloyear (ky, 1000 years) | ||
# My | # Megayear (My, 1 million years) | ||
A further unit, ''Ma'', is used to indicate elapsed time, thus, 1 Ma means one million years before present. It is common practice to set the present at year 1950. | A further unit, ''Ma'', is used to indicate elapsed time, thus, 1 Ma means one million years before present. It is common practice to set the present at year 1950. | ||
| Line 31: | Line 31: | ||
==Sources== | ==Sources== | ||
*Raymond Flood and Michael Lockwood [edd] ''The Nature of Time''. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1986. | *Raymond Flood and Michael Lockwood [edd] ''The Nature of Time''. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1986. | ||
*Alfred Gell ''The Anthropology of Time''. Oxford: Berg, 1992. | **[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0DEEDB133DF930A35756C0A961948260 NY Times book review]. | ||
*Alfred Gell. [http://www.bergpublishers.com/?tabid=2326 ''The Anthropology of Time'']. Oxford: Berg, 1992. | |||
** "The author examines the phenomenon of time and asks such... questions as how time impinges on people, to what extent our awareness of time is culturally conditioned, how societies deal with temporal problems and whether time can be considered a 'resource' to be economized. More specifically, he provides a consistent and detailed analysis of theories put forward by a number of thinkers...His discussion encompasses four main approaches in time research, namely developmental psychology, symbolic anthropology (covering the bulk of post-Durkheimian social anthropology) 'economic' theories of time in social geography and, finally, phenomenological theories." | |||
*Peter J. King "Time", in H. James Birx [ed.] ''Encyclopedia of Anthropology'' Volume 5. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, 2006. ISBN 0-7619-3029-9 | *Peter J. King "Time", in H. James Birx [ed.] ''Encyclopedia of Anthropology'' Volume 5. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, 2006. ISBN 0-7619-3029-9 | ||
*Robin Le Poidevin and Murray MacBeath [edd] ''The Philosophy of Time''. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993. | *Robin Le Poidevin and Murray MacBeath [edd] [http://www.oup.com/us/catalog/general/subject/Philosophy/Metaphysics/?view=usa&ci=9780198239994 ''The Philosophy of Time'']. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993. | ||
*J.M.E. McTaggart "The Unreality of Time". ''Mind'' 17, 1908, pp 457–484. | *J.M.E. McTaggart "The Unreality of Time". ''Mind'' 17, 1908, pp 457–484. | ||
*D.H. Mellor ''Real Time II''. London & New York: Routledge, 1998. | *D.H. Mellor ''Real Time II''. London & New York: Routledge, 1998. | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
<references /> | <references /> | ||
[[Category:Suggestion Bot Tag]] | |||
Latest revision as of 06:00, 29 October 2024
This article is about the visual measurement of change. For other uses of the term Time, please see Time (disambiguation).
Time has been understood differently by different cultures, by different philosophers and physicists, and in different contexts. This article will look at these differences in terms of three main approaches: the metaphysics of time, the perception of time, and the metric of time.
Metaphysics
Extensive reviews are available [1] [2]; [3] on the philosophical and metaphysical aspects of time.
Perception
A concise review on the perception of time is available [4]. A book [5] on time perception is also available.
Metric
Following the International System of Units (SI), the physical time is measured in seconds. A second is defined as the duration of 9,192,631,770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the cesium 133 atom. (See NIST website).
Many other measure units are in common use, which often do not obey the rules of the SI. Some common examples are:
- minute (min, 60 seconds)
- hour (hr, 60 minutes)
- day (d, 24 hours)
- week (wk, 7 days)
- month (mo, 28 to 31 days)
- year (yr, 12 months)
In geology, in order to describe even larger time intervals, other units are common as:
- kiloyear (ky, 1000 years)
- Megayear (My, 1 million years)
A further unit, Ma, is used to indicate elapsed time, thus, 1 Ma means one million years before present. It is common practice to set the present at year 1950.
Sources
- Raymond Flood and Michael Lockwood [edd] The Nature of Time. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1986.
- Alfred Gell. The Anthropology of Time. Oxford: Berg, 1992.
- "The author examines the phenomenon of time and asks such... questions as how time impinges on people, to what extent our awareness of time is culturally conditioned, how societies deal with temporal problems and whether time can be considered a 'resource' to be economized. More specifically, he provides a consistent and detailed analysis of theories put forward by a number of thinkers...His discussion encompasses four main approaches in time research, namely developmental psychology, symbolic anthropology (covering the bulk of post-Durkheimian social anthropology) 'economic' theories of time in social geography and, finally, phenomenological theories."
- Peter J. King "Time", in H. James Birx [ed.] Encyclopedia of Anthropology Volume 5. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, 2006. ISBN 0-7619-3029-9
- Robin Le Poidevin and Murray MacBeath [edd] The Philosophy of Time. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993.
- J.M.E. McTaggart "The Unreality of Time". Mind 17, 1908, pp 457–484.
- D.H. Mellor Real Time II. London & New York: Routledge, 1998.
References
- ↑ Whitrow GJ. (1961) The Natural Philosophy of Time. Nelson, London.
- ↑ Whitrow GJ. (1988) Time in History: The Evolution of Our General Awareness of Time and Temporal Perspective. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0192153617 Full-Text Online with Subscription
- ↑ The Experience and Perception of Time (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy). Retrieved on 2008-02-06.
- ↑ APA Digital Object Identifier. Retrieved on 2008-02-06.
- ↑ "Time Perception" by Edward Willett. Retrieved on 2008-02-06.