Air stripping

(PD) Diagram: Milton Beychok
Figure 1: Diagram of two different types of air strippers

© Photo: Koch-Glitsch LP
Types of randomly dumped packing.

© Photo: Koch-Glitsch, LP
An example of structured packing.

Air stripping is the transferring of volatile organic compounds (VOC) and/or other volatile components of a liquid into an air stream. It is a chemical engineering process used for the purification of groundwaters and wastewaters containing volatile compounds.

Air stripping for the removal of contaminants from groundwaters and wastewaters is especially effective for contaminants that have a high vapor pressure and a low solubility inwater.

The compounds removed by air stripping include benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) and various solvents (such as trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethylene) found in some wastewaters. Ammonia can also be stripped from wastewaters.

There are many methods for the air stripping of volatile components from liquids, but the most common methods are the use of either a packed or trayed vertical cylindrical vessel as shown in Figure 1, and this article is devoted primarily to those two methods.

Process description

Either the packed or trayed air stripper involves the downward flow of a volatile-containing liquid (most often, water) and the upward flow of air. The liquid and air are intimately contacted by the packing or the trays in the stripper. The volatile components in the liquid are transferred into the air stream by the series of intimate contacts occurring at each tray as the air flows upward through the stripper.

A properly designed and operated air stripper can remove up to 99.9+ percent of volatile organic compounds (VOC) from groundwaters and wastewaters.

There are many different types of trays, including bubble-cap trays, valve-cap trays and sieve trays. Sieve trays are the most commonly used type in air strippers because they are very simple, less expensive than the other types and adequately efficient for use in air strippers. There are also many types of packing available for packed bed strippers, either randomly packed or structurally packed material as shown in the adjacent photographs.

The stripped liquid leaving the bottom of the stripper is essentially free of volatiles. The air stream leaving the top of the stripper contains the volatiles removed from the liquid and may require some type of emissions mitigation to comply with applicable environmental regulatory limits such as the National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAP) as set by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

When mitigation of the air pollutant emissions from an air stripper is required, there are three technologies available:

• Adsorption in granular activated carbon filters (also known as GAC filters).
• Catalytic oxidation
• Incineration (also known as thermal oxidation)

The relative effectiveness of the above mitigation technologies depend to a great extent on the concentration level of the pollutants in the air stream from an air stripper. Very low pollutant concentrations mean that very large volumes of air must be handled in order to mitigate very small amounts of pollutants. GAC filtration is generally used most frequently because it has the ability to remove VOC cost-effectively from air stream containing less than 1% of VOC.

In some cases, it would be prudent to perform air pollution dispersion modeling studies to determine whether or not routing the air stream through a vent stack of a reasonable height would result in compliance with the applicable environmental regulations without requiring any mitigation of the air pollutant emissions from the air stripping system.

Figure 2 (below) is a simplified, schematic flow diagram of a complete air stripping system including optional provisions for heating the feed water:

(PD) Diagram: Milton Beychok
Figure 2: Schematic flow diagram of a complete air stripping system, including optional heating of the feed water.

Design variables

Selection of the air stripper type

The selection of whether to use a packed or trayed air stripper is primarily based on which is more cost effective for each specific application. However, in general:

• Trayed strippers can operate efficiently over wider range of liquid flow rates than can a packed stripper, which means that it has lower turndown capability.
• If the liquid contains dispersed solids, the trays in a trayed stripper are easily accessible for cleaning. By contrast, the packing in a packed stripper would have to be completely removed to be cleaned.
• Trayed strippers are seldom designed with cross-sectional diameters less than 60 cm (about 2 feet).
• Packed strippers are preferred for liquids having a tendency to foam since that interferes significantly with the efficiency of trayed strippers.
• Packed towers are less expensive and easier to construct if the liquid is highly corrosive.
• Packed towers are seldom designed with cross-sectional diameters more than 120 cm (about 4 feet).

Other important design variables

The are many variables to be considered in the design of an air stripping system. Among them are:

• The volumetric flow rate of the liquid entering the air stripping system.
• The specific volatile components to be removed from the liquid and their concentrations in the liquid entering the stripping system as well as their chemical and physical properties (such as vapor pressure, solubility in the liquid, whether or not they are highly toxic or hazardous, and others).
• The physical properties of the liquid (such as the vapor pressures and boiling points over a range of temperatures, viscosity, corrosivity, and others).
• The percentage removal of volatile components from the liquid needed to meet the requirements of any downstream processing of the stripped liquid or to comply with any applicable governmental regulatory requirements for the ultimate disposal of the stripped liquid.
• The limits set by the applicable governmental air pollution regulations as to the pollutants contained in the exit air from the stripping system.
• The temperature of the entering liquid.
• Higher operating temperatures make it easier to remove volatile components from the entering liquid. Thus, consideration should be given to the cost effectiveness of heating either the entering liquid or the entering air to the maximum temperature that can be used without vaporizing any of the liquid.
• For packed to towers, the selection of the type of packing to be used. Especially, whether to use randomly dumped packing or structured packing (see the above two photographs).

Typical performance data

VOC removal performance data collected from 46 operating air strippers in the United States are summarized in the table below:

VOC	% Removal
Benzene	99 to 99.9
Toluene	96 to 99+
Xylene	96 to 99.8
Trichloroethylene	90 to 99.9
Methyl-tert-butyl ether (MEK)	95 to 99
2-Methy phenol *	70+
Phenol *	74
Aniline *	58
Note: * Only one data point

Other stripping gases

The sole focus of this article is to discuss the air stripping process. However, gases other than air can be used to strip volatile components from liquids. For example, steam and inert gases (such as nitrogen) have been and are being used for stripping liquids of undesirable, volatile components.