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'''[[Irish language|Irish]] [[orthography]]''' has evolved over many centuries, since [[Old Irish language|Old Irish]] was first written down in the [[Latin alphabet]] in about the sixth century AD. Prior to that, [[Primitive Irish language|Primitive Irish]] was written in [[Ogham]]. Irish spelling is mainly based on etymological considerations, very much like [[English orthography]], although a [[spelling reform]] in the mid-20th century simplified the relationship between spelling and pronunciation somewhat.
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There are three dialects of spoken Irish: [[Ulster Irish|Ulster]] (now predominantly in [[County Donegal]]), [[Connacht Irish|Connacht]] (Counties [[County Mayo|Mayo]] and [[County Galway|Galway]]), and [[Munster Irish|Munster]] (Counties [[County Kerry|Kerry]], [[County Cork|Cork]], and [[County Waterford|Waterford]]). Some spelling conventions are common to all the dialects, while others vary from dialect to dialect. In addition, individual words may have in any given dialect a pronunciation that is not reflected by the spelling (rather like the English word ''colonel'', whose spelling denotes its pronunciation quite poorly).
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== The alphabet ==
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[[Image:Irish script.gif|thumb|right|330px| A sample of [[Gaelic script]].]]
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Prior to the 20th century Irish was usually written using the [[uncial]] [[Gaelic script]]. The uncial alphabet, together with letter name pronunciations and [[Irish initial mutations|lenited]] letters is shown below.
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Use of the uncial script is today almost entirely restricted to decorative and/or self-consciously traditional contexts. The dot above the lenited letter is usually substituted with a following ''h'' in the standard Roman alphabet. The only other use of ''h'' Irish is for vowel-initial words after certain [[clitic|proclitics]] (e.g. ''go '''h'''Éireann'' "to Ireland) and for words of foreign derivation such as ''hata'' "hat".
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The alphabet now used for writing the Irish language consists of the following letters, written in [[antiqua]]:
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:'''a á b c d e é f g h i í l m n o ó p r s t u ú''';
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Modern loanwords also make use of '''j k q v w x y z'''. Of these, '''j''' and '''v''' are the most common. The letters' names are spelt out thus:
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:'''á bé cé dé é eif gé héis í eil eim ein ó pé ear eas té ú'''
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:along with '''jé cá cú vé wae eacs yé zae'''.
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Tree names were once popularly used to name the letters. Tradition taught that they all derived from the names of the [[Ogham]] letters, though it is now known that only some of the earliest Ogham letters were named for trees.
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:'''ailm''' (white fir), '''beith''' (birch), '''coll''' (hazel), '''dair''' (oak), '''edad/eabhadh''' (poplar), '''fern/fearn''' (alder), '''gath/gort''' (ivy), '''uath''' (hawthorn), '''idad/íodhadh''' (yew), '''luis''' (rowan), '''muin''' (vine), '''nin/nion''' (ash), '''onn''' (gorse), '''peith''' (dwarf alder), '''ruis''' (holander), '''sail''' (willow), '''tinne/teithne''' (holly), '''úr''' (heather)
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Although the uncial script remained common until the mid-20th century, efforts to introduce antiqua began much earlier. [[Theobald Stapleton]]'s 1639 catechism was printed in antiqua, and also introduced simplified spellings such as ''suí'' for ''suidhe'' and ''uafás'' for ''uathbhás'', though these did not become standard for another 300 years.
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[[Image:Uncial alphabet.png]]
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== Consonants ==
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The consonant letters generally correspond to the consonant phonemes as shown in this table. See [[Irish phonology]] for an explanation of the symbols used and [[Irish initial mutations]] for an explanation of eclipsis. In most cases, consonants are "broad" ([[velarization|velarized]]) when the nearest vowel letter is one of '''a, o, u''' and "slender" ([[palatalization|palatalized]]) when the nearest vowel letter is one of '''e, i'''.
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{| class="wikitable"
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! colspan=2 | Letter(s)
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! Phoneme(s)
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! Examples 
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|-
*[[:Category:Inactive Media Authors]]
| rowspan=2 | '''b'''
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| broad
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| {{IPA|/bˠ/}}
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| {{lang|ga|bain}} {{IPA|/bˠanʲ/}} "take" (imper.), {{lang|ga|scuab}} {{IPA|/sˠkuəbˠ/}} "broom"
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|-
*[[:Category:Inactive Sports Authors]]
| slender
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| {{IPA|/bʲ/}}
*[[:Category:Inactive Topic Informant Authors]]
| {{lang|ga|béal}} {{IPA|/bʲeːɫ̪/}} "mouth", {{lang|ga|cnáib}} {{IPA|/kn̪ˠaːbʲ/}} "hemp"
|-
| rowspan=3 |  '''bh'''
| broad
| {{IPA|/w/}}
| {{lang|ga|bhain}} {{IPA|/wanʲ/}} "took", {{lang|ga|ábhar}} {{IPA|/ˈaːwəɾˠ/}} "material", {{lang|ga|Bhairbre}} {{IPA|/ˈwaɾʲəbʲɾʲə/}} "Barbara" (genitive), {{lang|ga|tábhachtach}} {{IPA|/ˈt̪ˠaːwəxtəx/}} "important", {{lang|ga|dubhaigh}} {{IPA|/ˈd̪ˠʊwiː/}} "blacken" (imper.), {{lang|ga|scríobh}} {{IPA|/ʃcrʲiːw/}} "wrote", {{lang|ga|taobh}} {{IPA|/t̪ˠiːw/}} "side", {{lang|ga|dubh}} {{IPA|/d̪ˠʊw/}} "black", {{lang|ga|gabh}} {{IPA|/gaw/}} "get" (imper.) 
|-
| slender
| {{IPA|/vʲ/}} 
| {{lang|ga|bhéal}} {{IPA|/vʲeːɫ̪/}} "mouth" (lenited), {{lang|ga|cuibhreann}} {{IPA|/ˈkɪvʲɾʲən̪ˠ/}} "common table", {{lang|ga|aibhneacha}} {{IPA|/ˈavʲnʲəxə/}} "rivers", {{lang|ga|sibh}} {{IPA|/ʃɪvʲ/}} "you" (pl.)
|-
| colspan=3 |  See [[#Vowels|vowel chart]] for '''abh, eabh, obh''' 
|-
| rowspan=2 | '''bhf'''<br /><small>(eclipsis of '''f-''')</small>
| broad
| {{IPA|/w/}}
| {{lang|ga|bhfuinneog}} {{IPA|/ˈwɪnʲoːg/}} "window" (eclipsed)
|-
| slender
| {{IPA|/vʲ/}}
| {{lang|ga|bhfíon}} {{IPA|/vʲiːn̪ˠ/}} "wine" (eclipsed) 
|-
| rowspan=2 | '''bp'''<br /><small>(eclipsis of '''p-''')</small>
| broad
| {{IPA|/bˠ/}}
| {{lang|ga|bpoll}} {{IPA|/bˠoːɫ̪/}} "hole" (eclipsed)
|-
| slender
| {{IPA|/bʲ/}}
| {{lang|ga|bpríosún}} {{IPA|/ˈbʲɾʲiːsˠuːn̪ˠ/}} "prison" (eclipsed) 
|-
| rowspan=2 | '''c'''
| broad
| {{IPA|/k/}}
| {{lang|ga|cáis}} {{IPA|/kaːʃ/}} "cheese", {{lang|ga|mac}} {{IPA|/mˠak/}} "son"
|-
| slender
| {{IPA|/c/}}
| {{lang|ga|ceist}} {{IPA|/cɛʃtʲ/}} "question", {{lang|ga|mic}} {{IPA|/mʲɪc/}} "sons"
|-
| rowspan=2 | '''ch'''
| broad<br /><small>(Always broad before '''t'''.)</small>
| {{IPA|/x/}}
| {{lang|ga|cháis}} {{IPA|/xaːʃ/}} "cheese" (lenited), {{lang|ga|taoiseach}} {{IPA|/ˈt̪ˠiːʃəx/}} "chieftain" (also the term for the [[Taoiseach|Prime Minister of Ireland]]), {{lang|ga|boichte}} {{IPA|/bˠɔxtʲə/}} "poorer" 
|-
| slender
| {{IPA|/ç/}}<br />{{IPA|/h/}} between vowels 
| {{lang|ga|cheist}} {{IPA|/çɛʃtʲ/}} "question" (lenited), {{lang|ga|deich}} {{IPA|/dʲɛç/}} "ten"<br />{{lang|ga|oíche}} {{IPA|/ˈiːhə/}} "night"
|-
| rowspan=2 | '''d'''
| broad
| {{IPA|/d̪ˠ/}}
| {{lang|ga|dorn}} {{IPA|/d̪ˠoːɾˠn̪ˠ/}} "fist", {{lang|ga|nead}} {{IPA|/nʲad̪ˠ/}} "nest"
|-
| slender
| {{IPA|/dʲ/}}
| {{lang|ga|dearg}} {{IPA|/dʲaɾˠəg/}} "red", {{lang|ga|cuid}} {{IPA|/kɪdʲ/}} "part"
|-
| rowspan="3" | '''dh'''
| broad
| {{IPA|/ɣ/}} word-initially<br />Silent after a [[vowel length|long vowel]]  
| {{lang|ga|dhorn}} {{IPA|/ɣoːɾˠn̪ˠ/}} "fist" (lenited)<br />{{lang|ga|ádh}} {{IPA|/aː/}} "luck"
|-
| slender
| {{IPA|/j/}} 
| {{lang|ga|dhearg}} {{IPA|/ˈjaɾˠəg/}} "red" (lenited), {{lang|ga|fáidh}} {{IPA|/fˠaːj/}} "prophet" 
|-
| colspan=3 |  See [[#Vowels|vowel chart]] for '''adh, aidh, eadh, eidh, idh, oidh, odh'''. See [[#Special pronunciations in verb forms|Special pronunciations in verb forms]] for '''-dh''' at the end of verbs. 
|-
| rowspan=2 | '''dt'''<br /><small>(eclipsis of '''t-''')</small>
| broad
| {{IPA|/d̪ˠ/}}
| {{lang|ga|dtaisce}} {{IPA|/ˈd̪ˠaʃcə/}} "treasure" (eclipsed)
|-
| slender
| {{IPA|/dʲ/}}
| {{lang|ga|dtír}} {{IPA|/dʲiːɾʲ/}} "country" (eclipsed)
|-
| rowspan=3 | '''f'''
| broad
| {{IPA|/fˠ/}}
| {{lang|ga|fós}} {{IPA|/fˠoːsˠ/}} "still", {{lang|ga|graf}} {{IPA|/gɾˠafˠ/}} "graph"
|-
| slender
| {{IPA|/fʲ/}}
| {{lang|ga|fíon}} {{IPA|/fʲiːn̪ˠ/}} "wine", {{lang|ga|stuif}} {{IPA|/sˠt̪ˠɪfʲ/}} "stuff"
|-
| colspan=3 |  See [[#Special pronunciations in verb forms|Special pronunciations in verb forms]] for '''-f-''' in future and conditional tenses
|-
| colspan=2 | '''fh''' <small>(lenition of '''f-''')</small>
| silent
| {{lang|ga|fhuinneog}} {{IPA|/ˈɪnʲoːg/}} "window" (lenited), {{lang|ga|fhíon}} {{IPA|/iːn̪ˠ/}} "wine" (lenited) 
|-
| rowspan=2 | '''g'''
| broad
| {{IPA|/g/}}
| {{lang|ga|gasúr}} {{IPA|/ˈgasˠuːɾˠ/}} "boy", {{lang|ga|bog}} {{IPA|/bˠɔg/}} "soft"
|-
| slender
| {{IPA|/ɟ/}}
| {{lang|ga|geata}} {{IPA|/ˈɟat̪ˠə/}} "gate", {{lang|ga|carraig}} {{IPA|/ˈkaɾˠəɟ/}} "rock"
|-
| rowspan=2 | '''gc'''<br /><small>(eclipsis of '''c-''')</small>
| broad
| {{IPA|/g/}}
| {{lang|ga|gcáis}} {{IPA|/gaːʃ/}} "cheese" (eclipsed)
|-
| slender
| {{IPA|/ɟ/}}
| {{lang|ga|gceist}} {{IPA|/ɟɛʃtʲ/}} "question" (eclipsed)
|-
| rowspan=3 | '''gh'''
| broad
| {{IPA|/ɣ/}} (word-initially)<br />silent after a long vowel
| {{lang|ga|ghasúr}} {{IPA|/ˈɣasˠuːɾˠ/}} "boy" (lenited)<br />{{lang|ga|Eoghan}} {{IPA|/ˈoːən̪ˠ/}} "Owen"
|-
| slender
| {{IPA|/j/}} 
| {{lang|ga|gheata}} {{IPA|/ˈjat̪ˠə/}} "gate" (lenited), {{lang|ga|dóigh}} {{IPA|/d̪ˠoːj/}} "way, manner"
|-
| colspan=3 |  See [[#Vowels|vowel chart]] for '''agh, aigh, eigh, igh, ogh, oigh'''. See [[#Special pronunciations in verb forms|Special pronunciations in verb forms]] for '''-(a)igh''' at the end of verbs. 
|-
| colspan=2 | '''h'''
| {{IPA|/h/}}
| {{lang|ga|hata}} {{IPA|/ˈhat̪ˠə/}} "hat", {{lang|ga|na héisc}} {{IPA|/nə heːʃc/}} "the fish" (plural) 
|-
| rowspan=2 | '''l, ll'''
| broad
| {{IPA|/ɫ̪/}}
| {{lang|ga|luí}} {{IPA|/ɫ̪iː/}} "lying (down)", {{lang|ga|poll}} {{IPA|/poːɫ̪/}} "hole"
|-
| slender
| {{IPA|/lʲ/}}
| {{lang|ga|leisciúil}} {{IPA|/ˈlʲɛʃcuːlʲ/}} "lazy", {{lang|ga|coill}} {{IPA|/kailʲ/}} "woods"
|-
| rowspan=2 | '''m'''
| broad
| {{IPA|/mˠ/}}
| {{lang|ga|mór}} {{IPA|/mˠoːɾˠ/}} "big", {{lang|ga|am}} {{IPA|/aːmˠ/}} "time"
|-
| slender
| {{IPA|/mʲ/}}
| {{lang|ga|milis}} {{IPA|/ˈmʲilʲəʃ/}} "sweet", {{lang|ga|im}} {{IPA|/iːmʲ/}} "butter"
|-
| rowspan=2 | '''mb'''<br /><small>(eclipsis of '''b-''')</small>
| broad
| {{IPA|/mˠ/}}
| {{lang|ga|mbaineann}} {{IPA|/ˈmˠanʲən̪ˠ/}} "takes" (eclipsed)
|-
| slender
| {{IPA|/mʲ/}}
| {{lang|ga|mbéal}} {{IPA|/mʲeːɫ̪/}} "mouth" (eclipsed) 
|-
| rowspan=3 | '''mh'''
| (broad)
| {{IPA|/w/}}
| {{lang|ga|mhór}} {{IPA|/woːɾˠ/}} "big" (lenited), {{lang|ga|lámha}} {{IPA|/ˈɫ̪aːwə/}} "hands", {{lang|ga|léamh}} {{IPA|/lʲeːw/}} "reading"
|-
| (slender)
| {{IPA|/vʲ/}}
| {{lang|ga|mhilis}} {{IPA|/ˈvʲilʲəʃ/}} "sweet" (lenited), {{lang|ga|uimhir}} {{IPA|/ˈɪvʲəɾʲ/}} "number", {{lang|ga|nimh}} {{IPA|/nʲɪvʲ/}} "poison"
|-
| colspan=3 | See [[#Vowels|vowel chart]] for '''amh, eamh, omh''' 
|-
| rowspan=2| '''n, nn'''
| broad
| {{IPA|/n̪ˠ/}}
| {{lang|ga|naoi}} {{IPA|/n̪ˠiː/}} "nine", {{lang|ga|ceann}} {{IPA|/caːn̪ˠ/}} "head"
|-
| slender
| {{IPA|/nʲ/}}
| {{lang|ga|neart}} {{IPA|/nʲaɾˠt̪ˠ/}} "strength", {{lang|ga|tinneas}} {{IPA|/ˈtʲɪnʲəsˠ/}} "illness"
|-
| rowspan=2 | '''nc'''
| broad
| {{IPA|/ŋk/}}
| {{lang|ga|ancaire}} {{IPA|/ˈaŋkəɾʲə/}} "anchor"
|-
| slender
| {{IPA|/ɲc/}}
| {{lang|ga|rinc}} {{IPA|/ɾˠɪɲc/}} "dance"
|-
| rowspan=2 | '''nd'''<br /><small>(eclipsis of '''d-''')</small>
| broad
| {{IPA|/n̪ˠ/}}
| {{lang|ga|ndorn}} {{IPA|/n̪ˠoːɾˠn̪ˠ/}} "fist" (eclipsed)
|-
| slender
| {{IPA|/nʲ/}}
| {{lang|ga|ndearg}} {{IPA|/ˈnʲaɾˠəg/}} "red" (eclipsed) 
|-
| rowspan=3 | '''ng'''
| broad
| {{IPA|/ŋ/}} word-initially <small>(eclipsis of '''g-''') </small><br />{{IPA|/ŋg/}} word-internally and finally
| {{lang|ga|ngasúr}} {{IPA|/ˈŋasˠuːɾˠ/}} "boy" (eclipsed)<br />{{lang|ga|long}} {{IPA|/ɫ̪uːŋg/}} "ship", {{lang|ga|teanga}} {{IPA|/ˈtʲaŋgə/}} "tongue"
|-
| rowspan=2 | slender
| {{IPA|/ɲ/}} word-initially <small>(eclipsis of '''g-''') </small><br />{{IPA|/ɲɟ/}} word-internally and finally
| {{lang|ga|ngeata}} {{IPA|/ˈɲat̪ˠə/}} "gate" (eclipsed)<br />{{lang|ga|cuing}} {{IPA|/kɪɲɟ/}} "yoke", {{lang|ga|ingear}} {{IPA|/ˈɪɲɟəɾˠ/}} "vertical"
|-
| {{IPA|/nʲ/}} in final unstressed '''-ing''' 
| {{lang|ga|scilling}} {{IPA|/ˈʃcilʲənʲ/}} "shilling"
|-
| rowspan=2 | '''p'''
| broad
| {{IPA|/pˠ/}}
| {{lang|ga|poll}} {{IPA|/pˠoːɫ̪/}} "hole", {{lang|ga|stop}} {{IPA|/sˠt̪ˠɔpˠ/}} "stop"
|-
| slender
| {{IPA|/pʲ/}}
| {{lang|ga|príosún}} {{IPA|/ˈpʲɾʲiːsˠuːn̪ˠ/}} "prison", {{lang|ga|truip}} {{IPA|/t̪ˠɾˠɪpʲ/}} "trip"
|-
| rowspan=2 | '''ph'''
| broad
| {{IPA|/fˠ/}}
| {{lang|ga|pholl}} {{IPA|/fˠoːɫ̪ʲ/}} "hole" (lenited)
|-
| slender
| {{IPA|/fʲ/}}
| {{lang|ga|phríosún}} {{IPA|/ˈfʲɾʲiːsˠuːn̪ˠ/}} "prison" (lenited) 
|-
| rowspan=2 | '''r'''
| broad<br /><small>(Always broad word-initially. Always broad in '''rt, rth, rd, rn, rl, rs, sr'''.)</small>
| {{IPA|/ɾˠ/}}
| {{lang|ga|rí}} {{IPA|/ɾˠiː/}} "king", {{lang|ga|cuairt}} {{IPA|/kuəɾˠtʲ/}} "visit", {{lang|ga|oirthear}} {{IPA|/ˈɔɾˠhəɾˠ/}} "east", {{lang|ga|airde}} {{IPA|/aːɾˠdʲə/}} "height", {{lang|ga|coirnéal}} {{IPA|/ˈkoːɾˠnʲeːɫ̪/}} "corner", {{lang|ga|duirling}} {{IPA|/ˈd̪ˠuːɾˠlʲənʲ/}} "stony beach", {{lang|ga|sreang}} {{IPA|/sˠɾˠaŋg/}} "string"
|-
| slender
| {{IPA|/rʲ/}}
| {{lang|ga|tirim}} {{IPA|/ˈtʲɪɾʲəmʲ/}} "dry"
|-
| colspan=2 | '''rr'''
| {{IPA|/ɾˠ/}}
| {{lang|ga|barr}} {{IPA|/baːɾˠ/}} "tip, point", {{lang|ga|cairr}} {{IPA|/kaːɾˠ/}} "car" (genitive)
|-
| rowspan=2 | '''s'''
| broad
| {{IPA|/sˠ/}}<br /><small>(Always broad word-initially before '''m, p, r'''.)</small>
| {{lang|ga|Sasana}} {{IPA|/ˈsˠasˠən̪ˠə/}} "England", {{lang|ga|tús}} {{IPA|/t̪ˠuːsˠ/}} "beginning", {{lang|ga|speal}} {{IPA|/sˠpʲaɫ̪/}} "scythe", {{lang|ga|sméar}} {{IPA|/sˠmʲeːɾˠ/}} "blackberry", {{lang|ga|sreang}} {{IPA|/sˠɾˠaŋg/}} "string"
|-
| slender
| {{IPA|/ʃ/}}
| {{lang|ga|sean}} {{IPA|/ʃan̪ˠ/}} "old", {{lang|ga|cáis}} {{IPA|/kaːʃ/}} "cheese"
|-
| rowspan=2 | '''sh'''
| broad
| {{IPA|/h/}}
| {{lang|ga|Shasana}} {{IPA|/ˈhasˠən̪ˠə/}} "England" (lenited) 
|-
| slender
| {{IPA|/h/}}<br />{{IPA|/ç/}} before {{IPA|/aː, oː, u(ː)/}} 
| {{lang|ga|shean}} {{IPA|/han̪ˠ/}} "old" (lenited)<br />{{lang|ga|Sheáin}} {{IPA|/çaːnʲ/}} "John" (genitive), {{lang|ga|sheol}} {{IPA|/çoːɫ̪/}} "sailed", {{lang|ga|shiúil}} {{IPA|/çuːlʲ/}} "walked", {{lang|ga|shiopa}} {{IPA|/ˈçʊpˠə/}} "shop" (lenited)
|-
| rowspan=3 | '''t'''
| broad
| {{IPA|/t̪ˠ/}}
| {{lang|ga|taisce}} {{IPA|/ˈt̪ˠaʃcə/}} "treasure", {{lang|ga|ceart}} {{IPA|/caɾˠt̪ˠ/}} "correct"
|-
| slender
| {{IPA|/tʲ/}}
| {{lang|ga|tír}} {{IPA|/tʲiːɾʲ/}} "country", {{lang|ga|beirt}} {{IPA|/bʲɛɾˠtʲ/}} "two (people)"
|-
| colspan=3 |  See [[#Special pronunciations in verb forms|Special pronunciations in verb forms]] for '''-t-''' in verbal adjectives 
|-
| rowspan="4" | '''th'''
| broad
| {{IPA|/h/}}
| {{lang|ga|thaisce}} {{IPA|/ˈhaʃcə/}} "treasure" (lenited), {{lang|ga|athair}} {{IPA|/ˈahəɾʲ/}} "father"
|-
| slender
| {{IPA|/h/}}<br />{{IPA|/ç/}} when lenited from {{IPA|/tʲaː-, tʲoː-, tʲu(ː)-/}} 
| {{lang|ga|theanga}} {{IPA|/ˈhaŋgə/}} "tongue" (lenited)<br />{{lang|ga|theann}} {{IPA|/çaːn̪ˠ/}} "tight" (lenited), {{lang|ga|theocht}} {{IPA|/çoːxt̪ˠ/}} "heat" (lenited), {{lang|ga|thiúilip}} {{IPA|/ˈçuːlʲəpʲ/}} "tulip" (lenited), {{lang|ga|thiocfadh}} {{IPA|/ˈçʊkəx/}} "would come", {{lang|ga|thiubh}} {{IPA|/çʊw/}} "thick" (lenited) 
|-
| colspan=2 | Silent at the end of a syllable 
| {{lang|ga|bláth}} {{IPA|/bˠɫ̪aː/}} "blossom", {{lang|ga|cith}} {{IPA|/cɪ/}} "shower", {{lang|ga|cothrom}} {{IPA|/ˈkɔɾˠəmˠ/}} "equal" 
|-
| colspan=3 |  See [[#Special pronunciations in verb forms|Special pronunciations in verb forms]] for '''-th-''' in verbal adjectives 
|-
| rowspan=2 | '''ts'''<br /><small>(special lenition of '''s-''' after '''an''' 'the')</small>
| broad
| {{IPA|/t̪ˠ/}}
| {{lang|ga|an tsolais}} {{IPA|/ən̪ˠ ˈt̪ˠɔɫ̪əʃ/}} "of the light"
|-
| slender
| {{IPA|/tʲ/}}
| {{lang|ga|an tSín}} {{IPA|/ənʲ tʲiːnʲ/}} "China"
|-
| rowspan=2 | '''v'''
| broad
| {{IPA|/w/}}
| {{lang|ga|vóta}} {{IPA|/ˈwoːt̪ˠə/}} "vote"
|-
| slender
| {{IPA|/vʲ/}}
| {{lang|ga|veidhlín}} {{IPA|/ˈvʲailʲiːnʲ/}} "violin"
|}
 
==Vowels==
The following chart indicates how written vowels are ''generally'' pronounced.  Each dialect has certain divergences from this general scheme.
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan=2 | Letter(s)
! Phoneme
! Examples
|-
| rowspan=3 | '''a'''
| rowspan=2 | stressed
| {{IPA|/a/}}
| {{lang|ga|fan}} {{IPA|/fˠan̪ˠ/}} "stay" (imper.)
|-
| {{IPA|/aː/}} before '''rl, rn, rd'''<br />before syllable-final '''ll, nn, rr'''<br />before word-final '''m'''
| {{lang|ga|tarlú}} {{IPA|/ˈt̪ˠaːɾˠɫ̪uː/}} "happening", {{lang|ga|carnán}} {{IPA|/ˈkaːɾˠn̪ˠaːn̪ˠ/}} "(small) heap", {{lang|ga|garda}} {{IPA|/ˈgaːɾˠd̪ˠə/}} "policeman"<br />{{lang|ga|mall}} {{IPA|/mˠaːɫ̪/}} "slow, late", {{lang|ga|ann}} {{IPA|/aːn̪ˠ/}} "there", {{lang|ga|barr}} {{IPA|/bˠaːɾˠ/}} "tip, point"<br />{{lang|ga|am}} {{IPA|/aːmˠ/}} "time"
|-
| unstressed
| {{IPA|/ə/}}
| {{lang|ga|ólann}} {{IPA|/ˈoːɫ̪ən̪ˠ/}} "drink" (present), {{lang|ga|mála}} {{IPA|/ˈmˠaːɫ̪ə/}} "bag"
|-
| colspan=2 | '''á'''
| {{IPA|/aː/}}
| {{lang|ga|bán}} {{IPA|/bˠaːn̪ˠ/}} "white"
|-
| '''abh(a(i))'''
| stressed
| {{IPA|/au/}}
| {{lang|ga|abhainn}} {{IPA|/aunʲ/}} "river", {{lang|ga|cabhrach}} {{IPA|/ˈkauɾˠəx/}} "helpful"
|-
| '''adh(a(i))'''
| stressed
| {{IPA|/ai/}}
| {{lang|ga|adhairt}} {{IPA|/aiɾˠtʲ/}} "pillow", {{lang|ga|Tadhg}} {{IPA|/t̪ˠaig/}} (man's name)
|-
| rowspan="2" | '''adh'''
| unstressed
| {{IPA|/ə/}}
| {{lang|ga|margadh}} {{IPA|/ˈmˠaɾˠəgə/}} "market"
|-
| colspan="3" | See also [[#Special pronunciations in verb forms|Special pronunciations in verb forms]]  
|-
| colspan=2 | '''ae(i)'''
| {{IPA|/eː/}}
| {{lang|ga|Gaelach}} {{IPA|/ˈgeːɫ̪əx/}} "Gaelic", {{lang|ga|Gaeilge}} {{IPA|/ˈgeːlʲɟə/}} "Irish (language)"
|-
| colspan=2 | '''agh(a(i))'''
| {{IPA|/ai/}}
| {{lang|ga|aghaidh}} {{IPA|/aij/}} "face", {{lang|ga|saghsanna}} {{IPA|/ˈsˠaisˠən̪ˠə/}} "sorts, kinds"
|-
| rowspan=4 | '''ai'''
| rowspan=3 | stressed
| {{IPA|/a/}}
| {{lang|ga|baile}} {{IPA|/ˈbˠalʲə/}} "home"
|-
|  {{IPA|/aː/}} before '''rl, rn, rd'''<br />before syllable-final '''ll, nn, rr'''
|  {{lang|ga|airne}} {{IPA|/aːɾˠnʲə/}} "sloe"<br />{{lang|ga|caillte}} {{IPA|/ˈkaːlʲtʲə/}} "lost, ruined", {{lang|ga|crainn}} {{IPA|/kɾˠaːnʲ/}} "trees"
|-
| {{IPA|/ɛ/}} before '''bh''' in a handful of words
| {{lang|ga|raibh}} {{IPA|/ɾˠɛvʲ/}} "was" (dependent), {{lang|ga|daibhir}} {{IPA|/ˈd̪ˠɛvəɾʲ/}} "poor", {{lang|ga|saibhir}} {{IPA|/ˈsˠɛvʲərʲ/}} "rich"
|-
|  unstressed
|  {{IPA|/ə/}}
|  {{lang|ga|eolais}} {{IPA|/ˈoːɫ̪əʃ/}} "knowledge" (genitive)
|-
| colspan=2 | '''ái'''
| {{IPA|/aː/}}
| {{lang|ga|dáil}} {{IPA|/d̪ˠaːlʲ/}} "assembly", {{lang|ga|gabháil}} {{IPA|/ˈgawaːlʲ/}} "taking"
|-
| colspan=2 | '''aí'''
| {{IPA|/iː/}}
| {{lang|ga|maígh}} {{IPA|/mˠiːj/}} "claim" (imper.), {{lang|ga|gutaí}} {{IPA|/ˈgʊt̪ˠiː/}} "vowels"
|-
| rowspan=3 | '''aidh, aigh'''
| stressed
| {{IPA|/ai/}}
| {{lang|ga|aidhm}} {{IPA|/aimʲ/}} "aim", {{lang|ga|saighdiúir}} {{IPA|/ˈsˠaidʲuːrʲ/}} "soldier"
|-
| unstressed
| {{IPA|/iː/}}
| {{lang|ga|cleachtaidh}} {{IPA|/ˈclʲaxt̪ˠiː/}} "practice" (genitive), {{lang|ga|bacaigh}} {{IPA|/ˈbˠakiː/}} "beggar" (genitive)
|-
| colspan="3" |  See also [[#Special pronunciations in verb forms|Special pronunciations in verb forms]]
|-
| colspan=2 | '''aío'''
| {{IPA|/iː/}}
| {{lang|ga|naíonán}} {{IPA|/ˈn̪ˠiːn̪ˠaːn̪ˠ/}} "infant", {{lang|ga|beannaíonn}} {{IPA|/ˈbʲan̪ˠiːn̪ˠ/}} "blesses"
|-
| colspan=2 | '''amh(a(i))'''
| {{IPA|/au/}}
| {{lang|ga|Samhain}} {{IPA|/sˠaunʲ/}} "November", {{lang|ga|amhantar}} {{IPA|/ˈaun̪ˠt̪ˠəɾˠ/}} "venture", {{lang|ga|ramhraigh}} {{IPA|/ˈɾˠauɾˠiː/}} "fattened"
|-
| colspan=2 rowspan="2" | '''ao'''
| {{IPA|/iː/}}
| {{lang|ga|saol}} {{IPA|/sˠiːɫ̪/}} "life, world"
|-
| colspan=2 | {{IPA|/eː/}} in the word {{lang|ga|aon}} {{IPA|/eːn̪ˠ/}} "one" and its derivatives, e.g. {{lang|ga|aontacht}} {{IPA|/ˈeːn̪ˠt̪ˠəxt̪ˠ/}} "union", {{lang|ga|na Stáit Aontaithe}} {{IPA|/n̪ˠə sˠt̪ˠaːtʲ ˈeːn̪ˠt̪ˠəhə/}} "the United States"
|-
| colspan=2 | '''aoi'''
| {{IPA|/iː/}}
| {{lang|ga|gaois}} {{IPA|/giːʃ/}} "shrewdness"
|-
| rowspan=2 | '''e'''
| stressed
| {{IPA|/ɛ/}}
| {{lang|ga|te}} {{IPA|/tʲɛ/}} "hot"
|-
| unstressed
| {{IPA|/ə/}} 
| {{lang|ga|míle}} {{IPA|/ˈmʲiːlʲə/}} "thousand"
|-
| colspan=2 | '''é'''
| {{IPA|/eː/}}
| {{lang|ga|sé}} {{IPA|/ʃeː/}} "he"
|-
| rowspan=4 | '''ea'''
| rowspan=3 | stressed
| {{IPA|/a/}}
| {{lang|ga|bean}} {{IPA|/bʲan̪ˠ/}} "woman"
|-
| {{IPA|/aː/}} before '''rl, rn, rd'''<br />before syllable-final '''ll, nn, rr'''
| {{lang|ga|bearna}} {{IPA|/ˈbʲaːɾˠn̪ˠə/}} "gap"<br />{{lang|ga|feall}} {{IPA|/fʲaːɫ̪/}} "treachery", {{lang|ga|feanntach}} {{IPA|/ˈfʲaːn̪ˠt̪ˠəx/}} "severe"
|-
| colspan=2 | {{IPA|/ɔ/}} in the word {{lang|ga|''beag''}} {{IPA|/bʲɔg/}} "small"
|-
| unstressed
| {{IPA|/ə/}} 
| {{lang|ga|seisean}} {{IPA|/ˈʃɛʃən̪ˠ/}} "he" (emph.) 
|-
| colspan=2 | '''éa'''
| {{IPA|/eː/}}
| {{lang|ga|déanamh}} {{IPA|/ˈdʲeːn̪ˠəw/}} "doing", {{lang|ga|buidéal}} {{IPA|/ˈbˠɪdʲeːɫ̪/}} "bottle"
|-
| colspan=2 | '''eá'''
| {{IPA|/aː/}}
| {{lang|ga|Seán}} {{IPA|/ʃaːn̪ˠ/}} "John"<br />{{lang|ga|caisleán}} {{IPA|/ˈkaʃlʲaːn̪ˠ/}} "castle"
|-
| colspan=2 | '''eabh(a(i))'''
| {{IPA|/au/}}
| {{lang|ga|leabhair}} {{IPA|/lʲauɾʲ/}} "books"<br />{{lang|ga|Feabhra}} {{IPA|/ˈfʲauɾˠə/}} "February"
|-
| '''eadh(a(i)'''
| stressed
| {{IPA|/ai/}} 
| {{lang|ga|meadhg}} {{IPA|/mʲaig/}} "whey"
|-
| rowspan=2 | '''-eadh'''
| unstressed
| {{IPA|/ə/}} 
| {{lang|ga|briseadh}} {{IPA|/ˈbʲɾʲɪʃə/}} "breaking"
|-
| colspan="3" |  See also [[#Special pronunciations in verb forms|Special pronunciations in verb forms]]
|-
| colspan=2 | '''eai'''
| {{IPA|/a/}}
| {{lang|ga|veain}} {{IPA|/vʲanʲ/}} "van"
|-
| colspan=2 | '''eái'''
| {{IPA|/aː/}}
| {{lang|ga|meáin}} {{IPA|/mʲaːnʲ/}} "middles", {{lang|ga|caisleáin}} {{IPA|/ˈkaʃlʲaːnʲ/}} "castles"
|-
| colspan=2 | '''eamh(a(i))'''
| {{IPA|/au/}}
| {{lang|ga|sleamhain}} {{IPA|/ʃlʲaunʲ/}} "smooth", {{lang|ga|leamhnacht}} {{IPA|/ˈlʲaun̪ˠəxt̪ˠ/}} "new milk"
|-
| rowspan="5" colspan=2 | '''ei'''
| {{IPA|/ɛ/}}
| {{lang|ga|ceist}} {{IPA|/cɛʃtʲ/}} "question"
|-
| {{IPA|/ɪ/}} before '''m, mh, n'''
| {{lang|ga|creimeadh}} {{IPA|/ˈcɾʲɪmʲə/}} "corrosion, erosion", {{lang|ga|geimhreadh}} {{IPA|/ˈɟɪvʲrʲə/}} "winter", {{lang|ga|seinm}} {{IPA|/ˈʃɪnʲəmʲ/}} "playing"
|-
| {{IPA|/eː/}} before '''rl, rn, rd'''
| {{lang|ga|eirleach}} {{IPA|/ˈeːɾˠlʲəx/}} "destruction", {{lang|ga|ceirnín}} {{IPA|/ˈceːɾˠnʲiːnʲ/}} "record album", {{lang|ga|ceird}} {{IPA|/ceːɾˠdʲ/}} "trade, craft"
|-
| {{IPA|/ai/}} before syllable-final '''ll''' 
| {{lang|ga|feill-}} {{IPA|/fʲailʲ/}} "exceedingly"
|-
| {{IPA|/iː/}} before syllable-final '''nn''' and word-final '''m''' 
| {{lang|ga|greim}} {{IPA|/ɟɾʲiːmʲ/}} "grip"
|-
| colspan=2 | '''éi'''
| {{IPA|/eː/}}
| {{lang|ga|scéimh}} {{IPA|/ʃceːvʲ/}} "beauty", {{lang|ga|páipéir}} {{IPA|/ˈpˠaːpʲeːɾʲ/}} "papers"
|-
| colspan=2 | '''eidh(i/ea), eigh(i/ea)'''
| {{IPA|/ai/}} 
| {{lang|ga|feidhm}} {{IPA|/fʲaimʲ/}} "function", {{lang|ga|leigheas}} {{IPA|/lʲaisˠ/}} "healing"
|-
| colspan=2 rowspan=2 | '''eo'''
| {{IPA|/oː/}}
| {{lang|ga|ceol}} {{IPA|/coːɫ̪/}} "music", {{lang|ga|baileofar}} {{IPA|/ˈbˠalʲoːfˠəɾˠ/}} "one will gather"
|-
| colspan=2 | {{IPA|/ɔ/}} in the words {{lang|ga|''anseo''}} {{IPA|/ənʲˈʃɔ/}} "here", {{lang|ga|''deoch''}} {{IPA|/dʲɔx/}} "a drink", {{lang|ga|eochair}} {{IPA|/ˈɔxəɾʲ/}} "a key", and {{lang|ga|''seo''}} {{IPA|/ʃɔ/}} "this"
|-
| colspan=2 | '''eoi'''
| {{IPA|/oː/}}
| {{lang|ga|dreoilín}} {{IPA|/ˈdʲɾʲoːlʲiːnʲ/}} "wren", {{lang|ga|baileoimid}} {{IPA|/ˈbˠalʲoːmʲədʲ/}} "we will gather"
|-
| rowspan=3 | '''i'''
| rowspan=2 | stressed
| {{IPA|/ɪ/}}
| {{lang|ga|pic}} {{IPA|/pʲɪc/}} "pitch", {{lang|ga|ifreann}} {{IPA|/ˈɪfʲɾʲən/}} "hell"
|-
| {{IPA|/iː/}} before syllable-final '''ll, nn'''<br />before word-final '''m'''
| {{lang|ga|cill}} {{IPA|/ciːlʲ/}} "church", {{lang|ga|cinnte}} {{IPA|/ˈciːnʲtʲə/}} "sure"<br />{{lang|ga|im}} {{IPA|/iːmʲ/}} "butter" 
|-
| unstressed
| {{IPA|/ə/}}
| {{lang|ga|faoistin}} {{IPA|/ˈfˠiːʃtʲənʲ/}} "confession"
|-
| colspan=2 | '''í'''
| {{IPA|/iː/}}
| {{lang|ga|gnímh}} {{IPA|/ɟnʲiːvʲ/}} "act, deed" (gen.), {{lang|ga|cailín}} {{IPA|/ˈkalʲiːnʲ/}} 'girl'
|-
| colspan=2 | '''ia'''
| {{IPA|/iə/}} 
| {{lang|ga|Diarmaid}} {{IPA|/dʲiərmədʲ/}} "Dermot"
|-
| colspan=2 | '''iai''' 
| {{IPA|/iə/}}
| {{lang|ga|bliain}} {{IPA|/bʲlʲiənʲ/}} "year"
|-
| rowspan="2" | '''idh, igh'''
| unstressed
| {{IPA|/iː/}}
| {{lang|ga|tuillidh}} {{IPA|/ˈt̪ˠɪlʲiː/}} "addition" (gen.), {{lang|ga|coiligh}} {{IPA|/ˈkɛlʲiː/}} "rooster" (gen.)
|-
| colspan="3" |  See also [[#Special pronunciations in verb forms|Special pronunciations in verb forms]]
|-
| rowspan="3" colspan=2 | '''io'''
| {{IPA|/ɪ/}} before coronals and '''th'''
| {{lang|ga|fios}} {{IPA|/fʲɪsˠ/}} "knowledge", {{lang|ga|bior}} {{IPA|/bʲɪɾˠ/}} "spit, spike", {{lang|ga|cion}} {{IPA|/cɪn̪ˠ/}} "affection", {{lang|ga|giota}} {{IPA|/ˈɟɪt̪ˠə/}} "bit, piece", {{lang|ga|giodam}} {{IPA|/ˈɟɪd̪ˠəmˠ/}} "restlessness", {{lang|ga|friotháil}} {{IPA|/ˈfʲɾʲɪhaːlʲ/}} "attention"
|-
| {{IPA|/ʊ/}} before noncoronals
| {{lang|ga|siopa}} {{IPA|/ˈʃʊpˠə/}} "shop", {{lang|ga|liom}} {{IPA|/lʲʊmˠ/}} "with me", {{lang|ga|tiocfaidh}} {{IPA|/ˈtʲʊkiː/}} "will come", {{lang|ga|Siobhán}} {{IPA|/ˈʃʊwaːn̪ˠ/}} "Joan", {{lang|ga|briogáid}} {{IPA|/ˈbʲɾʲʊgaːdʲ/}} "brigade", {{lang|ga|tiomáin}} {{IPA|/ˈtʲʊmaːnʲ/}} "drive" (imper.), {{lang|ga|ionga}} {{IPA|/ˈʊŋgə/}} "(finger)nail"
|-
| {{IPA|/iː/}} before syllable-final '''nn''' 
| {{lang|ga|fionn}} {{IPA|/fʲiːn̪ˠ/}} "light-haired"
|-
| colspan="2" | '''ío'''
| {{IPA|/iː/}}
| {{lang|ga|síol}} {{IPA|/ʃiːɫ̪/}} "seed"
|-
| colspan=2 | '''iu'''
| {{IPA|/ʊ/}}
| {{lang|ga|fliuch}} {{IPA|/fʲlʲʊx/}} "wet"
|-
| colspan=2 | '''iú'''
| {{IPA|/uː/}}
| {{lang|ga|siúl}} {{IPA|/ʃuːɫ̪/}} "walk", {{lang|ga|bailiú}} {{IPA|/ˈbˠalʲuː/}} "gathering"
|-
| colspan=2 | '''iúi'''
| {{IPA|/uː/}}
| {{lang|ga|ciúin}} {{IPA|/cuːnʲ/}} "quiet", {{lang|ga|inniúil}} {{IPA|/ˈɪnʲuːlʲ/}} "able, fit"
|-
| rowspan=5 | '''o'''
| rowspan=4 | stressed
| {{IPA|/ɔ/}}
| {{lang|ga|post}} {{IPA|/pˠɔsˠt̪ˠ/}} "post"
|-
| {{IPA|/ʊ/}} before '''n, m'''
| {{lang|ga|Donncha}} {{IPA|/ˈd̪ˠʊn̪əxə/}} (man's name), {{lang|ga|cromóg}} {{IPA|/ˈkɾˠʊmˠoːg/}} "hooked nose"
|-
| {{IPA|/oː/}} before '''rl, rn, rd'''<br />before syllable-final '''ll, rr'''
| {{lang|ga|bord}} {{IPA|/bˠoːɾˠd̪ˠ/}} "table", {{lang|ga|orlach}} {{IPA|/ˈoːɾˠɫ̪əx/}} "inch"<br />{{lang|ga|poll}} {{IPA|/pˠoːɫ̪/}} "hole", {{lang|ga|corr}} {{IPA|/koːɾˠ/}} "odd"
|-
| {{IPA|/uː/}} before syllable-final '''nn'''<br />before word-final '''m, ng'''
| {{lang|ga|fonn}} {{IPA|/fˠuːn̪ˠ/}} "desire, inclination"<br />{{lang|ga|trom}} {{IPA|/t̪ˠɾˠuːmˠ/}} "heavy", {{lang|ga|long}} {{IPA|/ɫ̪uːŋg/}} "ship"
|-
| unstressed
| {{IPA|/ə/}}
| {{lang|ga|mo}} {{IPA|/mˠə/}} "my", {{lang|ga|cothrom}} {{IPA|/ˈkɔɾˠəmˠ/}} "equal"
|-
| colspan=2 | '''ó'''
| {{IPA|/oː/}}
| {{lang|ga|póg}} {{IPA|/pˠoːg/}} "kiss", {{lang|ga|armónach}} {{IPA|/ˈaɾˠəmˠoːn̪əx/}} "harmonic"
|-
| colspan=2 | '''obh(a(i)), odh(a(i)), ogh(a(i))'''
| {{IPA|/au/}}
| {{lang|ga|lobhar}} {{IPA|/ɫ̪auɾˠ/}} "leper", {{lang|ga|bodhar}} {{IPA|/bˠauɾˠ/}} "deaf", {{lang|ga|rogha}} {{IPA|/ɾˠau/}} "choice"
|-
| rowspan=7 | '''oi'''
| rowspan=6 | stressed
| {{IPA|/ɛ/}}
| {{lang|ga|scoil}} {{IPA|/sˠkɛlʲ/}} "school", {{lang|ga|troid}} {{IPA|/t̪ˠɾˠɛdʲ/}} "fight" (imper.), {{lang|ga|toitín}} {{IPA|/ˈt̪ˠɛtʲiːnʲ/}} "cigarette", {{lang|ga|oibre}} {{IPA|/ˈɛbʲɾʲə/}} "work" (gen.), {{lang|ga|thoir}} {{IPA|/hɛɾʲ/}} "in the east", {{lang|ga|cloiche}} {{IPA|/ˈkɫ̪ɛhə/}} "stone" (gen.)
|-
| {{IPA|/ɔ/}} before '''s, cht, rs, rt, rth'''
| {{lang|ga|cois}} {{IPA|/kɔʃ/}} "foot" (dat.), {{lang|ga|cloisfidh}} {{IPA|/ˈkɫ̪ɔʃiː/}} "will hear", {{lang|ga|boicht}} {{IPA|/bˠɔxtʲ/}} "poor" (gen. sg. masc.), {{lang|ga|doirse}} {{IPA|/ˈd̪ɔɾˠʃə/}} "doors", {{lang|ga|goirt}} {{IPA|/gɔɾˠtʲ/}} "salty", {{lang|ga|oirthear}} {{IPA|/ˈɔɾˠhəɾˠ/}} "east"
|-
| {{IPA|/ɪ/}} next to '''n, m, mh''' 
| {{lang|ga|anois}} {{IPA|/əˈn̪ˠɪʃ/}} "now", {{lang|ga|gloine}} {{IPA|/ˈgɫ̪ɪnʲə/}} "glass", {{lang|ga|cnoic}} {{IPA|/kn̪ˠɪc/}} "hills", {{lang|ga|roimh}} {{IPA|/ɾˠɪvʲ/}} "before", {{lang|ga|coimeád}} {{IPA|/ˈkɪmʲaːd̪ˠ/}} "keep" (imper.), {{lang|ga|loinge}} {{IPA|/ˈɫ̪ɪɲɟə/}} "ship" (gen.) 
|-
| {{IPA|/ai/}} before syllable-final '''ll''' 
| {{lang|ga|coill}} {{IPA|/kailʲ/}} "forest, woods", {{lang|ga|coillte}} {{IPA|/ˈkailʲtʲə/}} "forests"
|-
| {{IPA|/iː/}} before syllable-final '''nn''' and word-final '''m''' 
| {{lang|ga|foinn}} {{IPA|/fˠiːnʲ/}} "wish" (gen.), {{lang|ga|droim}} {{IPA|/d̪ˠɾˠiːmʲ/}} "back"
|-
| {{IPA|/oː/}} before '''rl, rn, rd''' 
| {{lang|ga|coirnéal}} {{IPA|/ˈkoːɾˠnʲeːɫ̪/}} "corner", {{lang|ga|oird}} {{IPA|/oːɾˠdʲ/}} "sledgehammers" 
|-
| unstressed
| {{IPA|/ə/}}
| {{lang|ga|éadroime}} {{IPA|/eːdrəmʲə/}} 'lightness' 
|-
| colspan=2 | '''ói'''
| {{IPA|/oː/}}
| {{lang|ga|móin}} {{IPA|/mˠoːnʲ/}} "sod, turf", {{lang|ga|bádóir}} {{IPA|/ˈbˠaːd̪ˠoːrʲ/}} "boatman"
|-
| colspan=2 | '''oí'''
| {{IPA|/iː/}}
| {{lang|ga|croíleacán}} {{IPA|/ˈkɾˠiːlʲəkaːn̪ˠ/}} "core"
|-
| colspan=2 | '''oidh(i/ea), oigh(i/ea)''' 
| {{IPA|/ai/}}
| {{lang|ga|oidhre}} {{IPA|/airʲə/}} "heir", {{lang|ga|loighic}} {{IPA|/ɫ̪aic/}} "logic"
|-
| colspan=2 | '''oío'''
| {{IPA|/iː/}}
| {{lang|ga|croíonna}} {{IPA|/ˈkɾˠiːn̪ˠə/}} "hearts"
|-
| colspan=2 | '''omh(a(i))'''
| {{IPA|/oː/}}
| {{lang|ga|tomhail}} {{IPA|/t̪ˠoːlʲ/}} "consume" (imper.), {{lang|ga|Domhnach}} {{IPA|/ˈd̪ˠoːn̪ˠəx/}} "Sunday"
|-
| rowspan=4 | '''u'''
| rowspan=3 | stressed
| {{IPA|/ʊ/}}
| {{lang|ga|dubh}} {{IPA|/d̪ˠʊw/}} "black"
|-
| {{IPA|/ɔ/}} in English loanwords, corresponds to {{IPA|/ʌ/}} 
| {{lang|ga|bus}} {{IPA|/bˠɔsˠ/}}, {{lang|ga|club}} {{IPA|/kɫ̪ɔbˠ/}}
|-
| {{IPA|/uː/}} before '''rl, rn, rd''' 
| {{lang|ga|burla}} {{IPA|/ˈbˠuːɾˠɫ̪ə/}} "bundle", {{lang|ga|murnán}} {{IPA|/ˈmˠuːɾˠn̪ˠaːn̪ˠ/}} "ankle", {{lang|ga|urlár}} {{IPA|/ˈuːɾˠɫ̪aːɾˠ/}} "floor"
|-
| unstressed
| {{IPA|/ə/}}
| {{lang|ga|agus}} {{IPA|/ˈagəs/}} "and"
|-
| colspan=2 | '''ú'''
| {{IPA|/uː/}}
| {{lang|ga|tús}} {{IPA|/t̪ˠuːsˠ/}} "beginning"
|-
| colspan=2 | '''ua'''
| {{IPA|/uə/}}
| {{lang|ga|fuar}} {{IPA|/fˠuəɾˠ/}} "cold"
|-
| colspan=2 | '''uai'''
| {{IPA|/uə/}}
| {{lang|ga|fuair}} {{IPA|/fˠuəɾʲ/}} "got"
|-
| rowspan=5 | '''ui'''
| rowspan=4 | stressed
| {{IPA|/ɪ/}}
| {{lang|ga|duine}} {{IPA|/ˈd̪ˠɪnʲə/}} "person"
|-
| {{IPA|/ʊ/}} before '''cht, rs, rt''' 
| {{lang|ga|tuirseach}} {{IPA|/ˈt̪ˠʊɾˠʃəx/}} "tired", {{lang|ga|cluichte}} {{IPA|/ˈkɫ̪ʊxtʲə/}} "harassment" (gen.)
|-
| {{IPA|/iː/}} before syllable-final '''ll, nn'''<br />before word-final '''m'''
| {{lang|ga|tuillteanach}} {{IPA|/ˈt̪ˠiːlʲtʲən̪ˠəx/}} "deserving", {{lang|ga|puinn}} {{IPA|/pˠiːnʲ/}} "much"<br />{{lang|ga|suim}} {{IPA|/sˠiːmʲ/}} "interest"
|-
| {{IPA|/uː/}} before '''rl, rn, rd''' 
| {{lang|ga|duirling}} {{IPA|/ˈd̪ˠuːɾˠlʲənʲ/}} "stony beach", {{lang|ga|tuirne}} {{IPA|/ˈt̪ˠuːɾˠnʲə/}} "spinning wheel"
|-
| unstressed
| {{IPA|/ə/}}
| {{lang|ga|aguisín}} {{IPA|/ˈagəʃiːnʲ/}} "addition"
|-
| colspan=2 | '''úi'''
| {{IPA|/uː/}}
| {{lang|ga|súil}} {{IPA|/suːlʲ/}} "eye", {{lang|ga|cosúil}} {{IPA|/ˈkɔsˠuːlʲ/}} "like, resembling"
|-
| colspan=2 | '''uí'''
| {{IPA|/iː/}}
| {{lang|ga|buígh}} {{IPA|/bˠiːj/}} "turn yellow" (imper.)
|-
| colspan=2 | '''uío'''
| {{IPA|/iː/}}
| {{lang|ga|buíon}} {{IPA|/bˠiːn̪ˠ/}} "band, troop"
|}
 
;Observations
*When '''e''', '''é''', '''i''', or '''í''' come after or before a consonant, they make the consonant slender.
*Between a consonant and a vowel, or vice-versa, '''e''' and '''i''' are usually silent, and just indicate that the adjacent consonants are slender. However, they may be pronounced in the digraphs '''ei''', '''ia''', '''io''', '''oi''', '''ui'''.
*The accented letters '''é''' and '''í''' are always pronounced.
*In [[digraph]]s and [[trigraph]]s containing a vowel with an [[acute accent]] (known in Irish as a ''fada'' or ''síneadh fada''), only the accented vowel is normally pronounced.
 
== The epenthetic vowel ==
 
In a sequence of short vowel + {{IPA|/l, r, n/}} + [[labial consonant|labial]] or [[velar consonant]] an unwritten {{IPA|/ə/}} gets pronounced between the {{IPA|/l, r, n/}} and the following consonant:
 
*{{lang|ga|gorm}} {{IPA|/ˈgɔɾˠəmˠ/}} "blue"
*{{lang|ga|dearg}} {{IPA|/ˈdʲaɾˠəg/}} "red"
*{{lang|ga|dorcha}} {{IPA|/ˈd̪ˠɔɾˠəxə/}} "dark"
*{{lang|ga|ainm}} {{IPA|/ˈanʲəmʲ/}} "name"
*{{lang|ga|seanchaí}} {{IPA|/ˈʃan̪ˠəxiː/}} "storyteller"
*{{lang|ga|leanbh}} {{IPA|/ˈlʲan̪ˠəw/}} "child"
*{{lang|ga|colm}} {{IPA|/ˈkɔɫ̪əm/}} "dove"
 
There is no epenthesis before [[phonation|voiceless]] [[stop consonant|stops]] or after long [[vowel]]s and [[diphthong]]s:
*{{lang|ga|corp}} {{IPA|/kɔɾˠpˠ/}} "body"
*{{lang|ga|olc}} {{IPA|/ɔɫ̪k/}} "bad"
*{{lang|ga|téarma}} {{IPA|/tʲeːɾˠmˠə/}} "term"
*{{lang|ga|dualgas}} {{IPA|/ˈd̪ˠuəɫ̪gəsˠ/}} "duty"
 
== Special pronunciations in verb forms ==
 
In [[verb]] forms some letters and letter combinations are pronounced differently from elsewhere.
 
In the [[imperfect]], [[conditional]], and [[imperative]], ''-dh'' is pronounced {{IPA|/tʲ/}} before a pronoun beginning with ''s-'':
*{{lang|ga|mholadh sé}} {{IPA|/ˈwɔɫ̪ətʲ ʃeː/}} "he used to praise"
*{{lang|ga|bheannódh sibh}} {{IPA|/ˈvʲan̪ˠoːtʲ ʃɪvʲ/}} "you (pl.) would bless"
*{{lang|ga|osclaíodh sí}} {{IPA|/ˈɔsˠkɫ̪iːtʲ ʃiː/}} "let her open"
 
Otherwise it is pronounced {{IPA|/x/}}:
*{{lang|ga|mholadh an buachaill}} {{IPA|/ˈwɔɫ̪əx ə ˈbˠuəxəlʲ/}} "the boy used to praise"
*{{lang|ga|bheannódh na cailíní}} {{IPA|/ˈvʲanoːx n̪ˠə ˈkalʲiːnʲiː/}} "the girls would bless"
*{{lang|ga|osclaíodh Siobhán}} {{IPA|/ˈɔsˠkɫ̪iːx ˈʃʊwaːn̪ˠ/}} "let Siobhán open"
 
In the preterite impersonal, ''-dh'' is pronounced {{IPA|/w/}}:
*{{lang|ga|moladh é}} {{IPA|/ˈmˠɔɫ̪əw eː/}} "he was praised"
*{{lang|ga|beannaíodh na cailíní}} {{IPA|/ˈbʲan̪iːw nə ˈkalʲiːnʲiː/}} "the girls were blessed"
 
''-(a)idh'' and ''-(a)igh'' are pronounced {{IPA|/ə/}} before a pronoun, otherwise {{IPA|/iː/}}:
*{{lang|ga|molfaidh mé}} {{IPA|/ˈmˠɔɫ̪hə mʲeː/}} "I will praise"
*{{lang|ga|molfaidh Seán}} {{IPA|/ˈmˠɔɫ̪hiː ʃaːn/}} "Seán will praise"
*{{lang|ga|bheannaigh mé}} {{IPA|/ˈvʲan̪ˠə mʲeː/}} "I blessed"
*{{lang|ga|bheannaigh Seán}} {{IPA|/ˈvʲan̪ˠiː ʃaːn/}} "Seán blessed"
 
In the [[future tense|future]] and conditional, ''f'' (broad or slender) has the following effects:
#After vowels and sonorants ({{IPA|/ɫ̪ lʲ mˠ mʲ n̪ˠ nʲ ɾˠ ɾʲ/}}) it is pronounced {{IPA|/h/}}:
#*{{lang|ga|molfaidh}} {{IPA|/ˈmˠɔɫ̪hiː/}} "will praise"
#*{{lang|ga|dhófadh}} {{IPA|/ˈɣoːhəx/}} "would burn"
#*{{lang|ga|déarfaidh}} {{IPA|/ˈdʲeːɾˠhiː/}} "will say"
#It makes a voiced obstruent ({{IPA|/bˠ bʲ vʲ d̪ˠ g/}}) or {{IPA|/w/}} voiceless:
#*{{lang|ga|scuabfadh}} {{IPA|/ˈsˠkuəpəx/}} "would sweep"
#*{{lang|ga|goidfidh}} {{IPA|/ˈgɛtʲiː/}} "will steal"
#*{{lang|ga|leagfadh}} {{IPA|/ˈlʲakəx/}} "would lay"
#*{{lang|ga|scríobhfaidh}} {{IPA|/ˈʃcɾʲiːfˠiː/}} "will write"
#*{{lang|ga|shnámhfadh}} {{IPA|/ˈhn̪ˠaːfˠəx/}} "would swim"
#It is silent after a voicless obstruent ({{IPA|/k c x ç pˠ pʲ  sˠ ʃ t̪ˠ tʲ/}})
#*{{lang|ga|brisfidh}} {{IPA|/ˈbʲɾʲɪʃiː/}} "will break"
#*{{lang|ga|ghlacfadh}} {{IPA|/ˈɣɫ̪akəx/}} "would accept"
#But in the future and conditional impersonal ''f'' is often {{IPA|/fˠ, fʲ/}}
#*{{lang|ga|molfar}} {{IPA|/ˈmˠɔɫ̪fˠəɾˠ/}} "one will praise"
#*{{lang|ga|dhófaí}} {{IPA|/ˈɣoːfˠiː/}} "one would burn"
#*{{lang|ga|scuabfar}} {{IPA|/ˈsˠkuəbˠfˠəɾˠ/}} "one will sweep"
#*{{lang|ga|brisfear}} {{IPA|/ˈbʲɾʲɪʃfʲəɾˠ/}} "one will break"
#In the [[past participle]] ''th'' (also ''t'' after ''d'') is silent but makes a voiced obstruent voiceless:
#*{{lang|ga|scuabtha}} {{IPA|/ˈsˠkuəpˠə/}} "swept"
#*{{lang|ga|troidte}} {{IPA|/ˈt̪ˠɾˠɛtʲə/}} "fought"
#*{{lang|ga|ruaigthe}} {{IPA|/ˈɾˠuəcə/}} "chased"
 
==References==
*{{cite book|last=Ó Baoill|first=Dónall P.|title=Lárchanúint don Ghaeilge|year=1986|publisher=The Linguistics Institute of Ireland|location=Dublin|language=Irish|id=ISBN 0-946452-06-7}}
*{{cite book|last=Ó Siadhail|first=Mícheál|title=Learning Irish|year=1988|publisher=Yale University Press|location=New Haven|id=ISBN 0-300-04224-8}}
 
{{Irish linguistics}}
 
[[Category:Language orthographies]]
[[Category:Irish language|Orthography]]
[[Category:Latin-derived alphabets]]
 
[[nn:Irsk skriftspråk]]
[[tg:Алифбои ирландӣ]]

Latest revision as of 17:39, 4 March 2021


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