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'''[[Irish language|Irish]] [[orthography]]''' has evolved over many centuries, since [[Old Irish language|Old Irish]] was first written down in the [[Latin alphabet]] in about the sixth century AD. Prior to that, [[Primitive Irish language|Primitive Irish]] was written in [[Ogham]]. Irish spelling is mainly based on etymological considerations, very much like [[English orthography]], although a [[spelling reform]] in the mid-20th century simplified the relationship between spelling and pronunciation somewhat.
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There are three dialects of spoken Irish: [[Ulster Irish|Ulster]] (now predominantly in [[County Donegal]]), [[Connacht Irish|Connacht]] (Counties [[County Mayo|Mayo]] and [[County Galway|Galway]]), and [[Munster Irish|Munster]] (Counties [[County Kerry|Kerry]], [[County Cork|Cork]], and [[County Waterford|Waterford]]). Some spelling conventions are common to all the dialects, while others vary from dialect to dialect. In addition, individual words may have in any given dialect a pronunciation that is not reflected by the spelling (rather like the English word ''colonel'', whose spelling denotes its pronunciation quite poorly).
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== The alphabet ==
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[[Image:Irish script.gif|thumb|right|330px| A sample of [[Gaelic script]].]]
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Prior to the 20th century Irish was usually written using the [[uncial]] [[Gaelic script]]. The uncial alphabet, together with letter name pronunciations and [[Irish initial mutations|lenited]] letters is shown below.
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Use of the uncial script is today almost entirely restricted to decorative and/or self-consciously traditional contexts. The dot above the lenited letter is usually substituted with a following ''h'' in the standard Roman alphabet. The only other use of ''h'' Irish is for vowel-initial words after certain [[clitic|proclitics]] (e.g. ''go '''h'''Éireann'' ''to Ireland) and for words of foreign derivation such as ''hata'' ''hat''.
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The alphabet now used for writing the Irish language consists of the following letters, written in [[antiqua]]:
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:'''a á b c d e é f g h i í l m n o ó p r s t u ú''';
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Modern loanwords also make use of '''j k q v w x y z'''. Of these, '''j''' and '''v''' are the most common. The letters' names are spelt out thus:
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:'''á bé cé dé é eif gé héis í eil eim ein ó pé ear eas té ú'''
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:along with '''jé cá cú vé wae eacs yé zae'''.
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Tree names were once popularly used to name the letters. Tradition taught that they all derived from the names of the [[Ogham]] letters, though it is now known that only some of the earliest Ogham letters were named for trees.
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:'''ailm''' (white fir), '''beith''' (birch), '''coll''' (hazel), '''dair''' (oak), '''edad/eabhadh''' (poplar), '''fern/fearn''' (alder), '''gath/gort''' (ivy), '''uath''' (hawthorn), '''idad/íodhadh''' (yew), '''luis''' (rowan), '''muin''' (vine), '''nin/nion''' (ash), '''onn''' (gorse), '''peith''' (dwarf alder), '''ruis''' (holander), '''sail''' (willow), '''tinne/teithne''' (holly), '''úr''' (heather)
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Although the uncial script remained common until the mid-20th century, efforts to introduce antiqua began much earlier. [[Theobald Stapleton]]'s 1639 catechism was printed in antiqua, and also introduced simplified spellings such as ''suí'' for ''suidhe'' and ''uafás'' for ''uathbhás'', though these did not become standard for another 300 years.
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[[Image:Uncial alphabet.png]]
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== Consonants ==
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The consonant letters generally correspond to the consonant phonemes as shown in this table. See [[Irish phonology]] for an explanation of the symbols used and [[Irish initial mutations]] for an explanation of eclipsis. In most cases, consonants are ''broad'' ([[velarization|velarized]]) when the nearest vowel letter is one of '''a, o, u''' and ''slender'' ([[palatalization|palatalized]]) when the nearest vowel letter is one of '''e, i'''.
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{| class=''wikitable''
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! colspan=2 | Letter(s)
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! Phoneme(s)
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! Examples 
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|-
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| rowspan=2 | '''b'''
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| broad
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| {{IPA|/bˠ/}}
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| {{lang|ga|bain}} {{IPA|/bˠanʲ/}} ''take'' (imper.), {{lang|ga|scuab}} {{IPA|/sˠkuəbˠ/}} ''broom''
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|-
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| slender
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| {{IPA|/bʲ/}}
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| {{lang|ga|béal}} {{IPA|/bʲeːɫ̪/}} ''mouth'', {{lang|ga|cnáib}} {{IPA|/kn̪ˠaːbʲ/}} ''hemp''
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|-
| rowspan=3 |  '''bh'''
| broad
| {{IPA|/w/}}
| {{lang|ga|bhain}} {{IPA|/wanʲ/}} ''took'', {{lang|ga|ábhar}} {{IPA|/ˈaːwəɾˠ/}} ''material'', {{lang|ga|Bhairbre}} {{IPA|/ˈwaɾʲəbʲɾʲə/}} ''Barbara'' (genitive), {{lang|ga|tábhachtach}} {{IPA|/ˈt̪ˠaːwəxtəx/}} ''important'', {{lang|ga|dubhaigh}} {{IPA|/ˈd̪ˠʊwiː/}} ''blacken'' (imper.), {{lang|ga|scríobh}} {{IPA|/ʃcrʲiːw/}} ''wrote'', {{lang|ga|taobh}} {{IPA|/t̪ˠiːw/}} ''side'', {{lang|ga|dubh}} {{IPA|/d̪ˠʊw/}} ''black'', {{lang|ga|gabh}} {{IPA|/gaw/}} ''get'' (imper.) 
|-
| slender
| {{IPA|/vʲ/}} 
| {{lang|ga|bhéal}} {{IPA|/vʲeːɫ̪/}} ''mouth'' (lenited), {{lang|ga|cuibhreann}} {{IPA|/ˈkɪvʲɾʲən̪ˠ/}} ''common table'', {{lang|ga|aibhneacha}} {{IPA|/ˈavʲnʲəxə/}} ''rivers'', {{lang|ga|sibh}} {{IPA|/ʃɪvʲ/}} ''you'' (pl.)
|-
| colspan=3 |  See [[#Vowels|vowel chart]] for '''abh, eabh, obh''' 
|-
| rowspan=2 | '''bhf'''<br /><small>(eclipsis of '''f-''')</small>
| broad
| {{IPA|/w/}}
| {{lang|ga|bhfuinneog}} {{IPA|/ˈwɪnʲoːg/}} ''window'' (eclipsed)
|-
| slender
| {{IPA|/vʲ/}}
| {{lang|ga|bhfíon}} {{IPA|/vʲiːn̪ˠ/}} ''wine'' (eclipsed) 
|-
| rowspan=2 | '''bp'''<br /><small>(eclipsis of '''p-''')</small>
| broad
| {{IPA|/bˠ/}}
| {{lang|ga|bpoll}} {{IPA|/bˠoːɫ̪/}} ''hole'' (eclipsed)
|-
| slender
| {{IPA|/bʲ/}}
| {{lang|ga|bpríosún}} {{IPA|/ˈbʲɾʲiːsˠuːn̪ˠ/}} ''prison'' (eclipsed) 
|-
| rowspan=2 | '''c'''
| broad
| {{IPA|/k/}}
| {{lang|ga|cáis}} {{IPA|/kaːʃ/}} ''cheese'', {{lang|ga|mac}} {{IPA|/mˠak/}} ''son''
|-
| slender
| {{IPA|/c/}}
| {{lang|ga|ceist}} {{IPA|/cɛʃtʲ/}} ''question'', {{lang|ga|mic}} {{IPA|/mʲɪc/}} ''sons''
|-
| rowspan=2 | '''ch'''
| broad<br /><small>(Always broad before '''t'''.)</small>
| {{IPA|/x/}}
| {{lang|ga|cháis}} {{IPA|/xaːʃ/}} ''cheese'' (lenited), {{lang|ga|taoiseach}} {{IPA|/ˈt̪ˠiːʃəx/}} ''chieftain'' (also the term for the [[Taoiseach|Prime Minister of Ireland]]), {{lang|ga|boichte}} {{IPA|/bˠɔxtʲə/}} ''poorer'' 
|-
| slender
| {{IPA|/ç/}}<br />{{IPA|/h/}} between vowels 
| {{lang|ga|cheist}} {{IPA|/çɛʃtʲ/}} ''question'' (lenited), {{lang|ga|deich}} {{IPA|/dʲɛç/}} ''ten''<br />{{lang|ga|oíche}} {{IPA|/ˈiːhə/}} ''night''
|-
| rowspan=2 | '''d'''
| broad
| {{IPA|/d̪ˠ/}}
| {{lang|ga|dorn}} {{IPA|/d̪ˠoːɾˠn̪ˠ/}} ''fist'', {{lang|ga|nead}} {{IPA|/nʲad̪ˠ/}} ''nest''
|-
| slender
| {{IPA|/dʲ/}}
| {{lang|ga|dearg}} {{IPA|/dʲaɾˠəg/}} ''red'', {{lang|ga|cuid}} {{IPA|/kɪdʲ/}} ''part''
|-
| rowspan=''3'' | '''dh'''
| broad
| {{IPA|/ɣ/}} word-initially<br />Silent after a [[vowel length|long vowel]]  
| {{lang|ga|dhorn}} {{IPA|/ɣoːɾˠn̪ˠ/}} ''fist'' (lenited)<br />{{lang|ga|ádh}} {{IPA|/aː/}} ''luck''
|-
| slender
| {{IPA|/j/}} 
| {{lang|ga|dhearg}} {{IPA|/ˈjaɾˠəg/}} ''red'' (lenited), {{lang|ga|fáidh}} {{IPA|/fˠaːj/}} ''prophet'' 
|-
| colspan=3 |  See [[#Vowels|vowel chart]] for '''adh, aidh, eadh, eidh, idh, oidh, odh'''. See [[#Special pronunciations in verb forms|Special pronunciations in verb forms]] for '''-dh''' at the end of verbs. 
|-
| rowspan=2 | '''dt'''<br /><small>(eclipsis of '''t-''')</small>
| broad
| {{IPA|/d̪ˠ/}}
| {{lang|ga|dtaisce}} {{IPA|/ˈd̪ˠaʃcə/}} ''treasure'' (eclipsed)
|-
| slender
| {{IPA|/dʲ/}}
| {{lang|ga|dtír}} {{IPA|/dʲiːɾʲ/}} ''country'' (eclipsed)
|-
| rowspan=3 | '''f'''
| broad
| {{IPA|/fˠ/}}
| {{lang|ga|fós}} {{IPA|/fˠoːsˠ/}} ''still'', {{lang|ga|graf}} {{IPA|/gɾˠafˠ/}} ''graph''
|-
| slender
| {{IPA|/fʲ/}}
| {{lang|ga|fíon}} {{IPA|/fʲiːn̪ˠ/}} ''wine'', {{lang|ga|stuif}} {{IPA|/sˠt̪ˠɪfʲ/}} ''stuff''
|-
| colspan=3 |  See [[#Special pronunciations in verb forms|Special pronunciations in verb forms]] for '''-f-''' in future and conditional tenses
|-
| colspan=2 | '''fh''' <small>(lenition of '''f-''')</small>
| silent
| {{lang|ga|fhuinneog}} {{IPA|/ˈɪnʲoːg/}} ''window'' (lenited), {{lang|ga|fhíon}} {{IPA|/iːn̪ˠ/}} ''wine'' (lenited) 
|-
| rowspan=2 | '''g'''
| broad
| {{IPA|/g/}}
| {{lang|ga|gasúr}} {{IPA|/ˈgasˠuːɾˠ/}} ''boy'', {{lang|ga|bog}} {{IPA|/bˠɔg/}} ''soft''
|-
| slender
| {{IPA|/ɟ/}}
| {{lang|ga|geata}} {{IPA|/ˈɟat̪ˠə/}} ''gate'', {{lang|ga|carraig}} {{IPA|/ˈkaɾˠəɟ/}} ''rock''
|-
| rowspan=2 | '''gc'''<br /><small>(eclipsis of '''c-''')</small>
| broad
| {{IPA|/g/}}
| {{lang|ga|gcáis}} {{IPA|/gaːʃ/}} ''cheese'' (eclipsed)
|-
| slender
| {{IPA|/ɟ/}}
| {{lang|ga|gceist}} {{IPA|/ɟɛʃtʲ/}} ''question'' (eclipsed)
|-
| rowspan=3 | '''gh'''
| broad
| {{IPA|/ɣ/}} (word-initially)<br />silent after a long vowel
| {{lang|ga|ghasúr}} {{IPA|/ˈɣasˠuːɾˠ/}} ''boy'' (lenited)<br />{{lang|ga|Eoghan}} {{IPA|/ˈoːən̪ˠ/}} ''Owen''
|-
| slender
| {{IPA|/j/}} 
| {{lang|ga|gheata}} {{IPA|/ˈjat̪ˠə/}} ''gate'' (lenited), {{lang|ga|dóigh}} {{IPA|/d̪ˠoːj/}} ''way, manner''
|-
| colspan=3 |  See [[#Vowels|vowel chart]] for '''agh, aigh, eigh, igh, ogh, oigh'''. See [[#Special pronunciations in verb forms|Special pronunciations in verb forms]] for '''-(a)igh''' at the end of verbs. 
|-
| colspan=2 | '''h'''
| {{IPA|/h/}}
| {{lang|ga|hata}} {{IPA|/ˈhat̪ˠə/}} ''hat'', {{lang|ga|na héisc}} {{IPA|/nə heːʃc/}} ''the fish'' (plural) 
|-
| rowspan=2 | '''l, ll'''
| broad
| {{IPA|/ɫ̪/}}
| {{lang|ga|luí}} {{IPA|/ɫ̪iː/}} ''lying (down)'', {{lang|ga|poll}} {{IPA|/poːɫ̪/}} ''hole''
|-
| slender
| {{IPA|/lʲ/}}
| {{lang|ga|leisciúil}} {{IPA|/ˈlʲɛʃcuːlʲ/}} ''lazy'', {{lang|ga|coill}} {{IPA|/kailʲ/}} ''woods''
|-
| rowspan=2 | '''m'''
| broad
| {{IPA|/mˠ/}}
| {{lang|ga|mór}} {{IPA|/mˠoːɾˠ/}} ''big'', {{lang|ga|am}} {{IPA|/aːmˠ/}} ''time''
|-
| slender
| {{IPA|/mʲ/}}
| {{lang|ga|milis}} {{IPA|/ˈmʲilʲəʃ/}} ''sweet'', {{lang|ga|im}} {{IPA|/iːmʲ/}} ''butter''
|-
| rowspan=2 | '''mb'''<br /><small>(eclipsis of '''b-''')</small>
| broad
| {{IPA|/mˠ/}}
| {{lang|ga|mbaineann}} {{IPA|/ˈmˠanʲən̪ˠ/}} ''takes'' (eclipsed)
|-
| slender
| {{IPA|/mʲ/}}
| {{lang|ga|mbéal}} {{IPA|/mʲeːɫ̪/}} ''mouth'' (eclipsed) 
|-
| rowspan=3 | '''mh'''
| (broad)
| {{IPA|/w/}}
| {{lang|ga|mhór}} {{IPA|/woːɾˠ/}} ''big'' (lenited), {{lang|ga|lámha}} {{IPA|/ˈɫ̪aːwə/}} ''hands'', {{lang|ga|léamh}} {{IPA|/lʲeːw/}} ''reading''
|-
| (slender)
| {{IPA|/vʲ/}}
| {{lang|ga|mhilis}} {{IPA|/ˈvʲilʲəʃ/}} ''sweet'' (lenited), {{lang|ga|uimhir}} {{IPA|/ˈɪvʲəɾʲ/}} ''number'', {{lang|ga|nimh}} {{IPA|/nʲɪvʲ/}} ''poison''
|-
| colspan=3 | See [[#Vowels|vowel chart]] for '''amh, eamh, omh''' 
|-
| rowspan=2| '''n, nn'''
| broad
| {{IPA|/n̪ˠ/}}
| {{lang|ga|naoi}} {{IPA|/n̪ˠiː/}} ''nine'', {{lang|ga|ceann}} {{IPA|/caːn̪ˠ/}} ''head''
|-
| slender
| {{IPA|/nʲ/}}
| {{lang|ga|neart}} {{IPA|/nʲaɾˠt̪ˠ/}} ''strength'', {{lang|ga|tinneas}} {{IPA|/ˈtʲɪnʲəsˠ/}} ''illness''
|-
| rowspan=2 | '''nc'''
| broad
| {{IPA|/ŋk/}}
| {{lang|ga|ancaire}} {{IPA|/ˈaŋkəɾʲə/}} ''anchor''
|-
| slender
| {{IPA|/ɲc/}}
| {{lang|ga|rinc}} {{IPA|/ɾˠɪɲc/}} ''dance''
|-
| rowspan=2 | '''nd'''<br /><small>(eclipsis of '''d-''')</small>
| broad
| {{IPA|/n̪ˠ/}}
| {{lang|ga|ndorn}} {{IPA|/n̪ˠoːɾˠn̪ˠ/}} ''fist'' (eclipsed)
|-
| slender
| {{IPA|/nʲ/}}
| {{lang|ga|ndearg}} {{IPA|/ˈnʲaɾˠəg/}} ''red'' (eclipsed) 
|-
| rowspan=3 | '''ng'''
| broad
| {{IPA|/ŋ/}} word-initially <small>(eclipsis of '''g-''') </small><br />{{IPA|/ŋg/}} word-internally and finally
| {{lang|ga|ngasúr}} {{IPA|/ˈŋasˠuːɾˠ/}} ''boy'' (eclipsed)<br />{{lang|ga|long}} {{IPA|/ɫ̪uːŋg/}} ''ship'', {{lang|ga|teanga}} {{IPA|/ˈtʲaŋgə/}} ''tongue''
|-
| rowspan=2 | slender
| {{IPA|/ɲ/}} word-initially <small>(eclipsis of '''g-''') </small><br />{{IPA|/ɲɟ/}} word-internally and finally
| {{lang|ga|ngeata}} {{IPA|/ˈɲat̪ˠə/}} ''gate'' (eclipsed)<br />{{lang|ga|cuing}} {{IPA|/kɪɲɟ/}} ''yoke'', {{lang|ga|ingear}} {{IPA|/ˈɪɲɟəɾˠ/}} ''vertical''
|-
| {{IPA|/nʲ/}} in final unstressed '''-ing''' 
| {{lang|ga|scilling}} {{IPA|/ˈʃcilʲənʲ/}} ''shilling''
|-
| rowspan=2 | '''p'''
| broad
| {{IPA|/pˠ/}}
| {{lang|ga|poll}} {{IPA|/pˠoːɫ̪/}} ''hole'', {{lang|ga|stop}} {{IPA|/sˠt̪ˠɔpˠ/}} ''stop''
|-
| slender
| {{IPA|/pʲ/}}
| {{lang|ga|príosún}} {{IPA|/ˈpʲɾʲiːsˠuːn̪ˠ/}} ''prison'', {{lang|ga|truip}} {{IPA|/t̪ˠɾˠɪpʲ/}} ''trip''
|-
| rowspan=2 | '''ph'''
| broad
| {{IPA|/fˠ/}}
| {{lang|ga|pholl}} {{IPA|/fˠoːɫ̪ʲ/}} ''hole'' (lenited)
|-
| slender
| {{IPA|/fʲ/}}
| {{lang|ga|phríosún}} {{IPA|/ˈfʲɾʲiːsˠuːn̪ˠ/}} ''prison'' (lenited) 
|-
| rowspan=2 | '''r'''
| broad<br /><small>(Always broad word-initially. Always broad in '''rt, rth, rd, rn, rl, rs, sr'''.)</small>
| {{IPA|/ɾˠ/}}
| {{lang|ga|rí}} {{IPA|/ɾˠiː/}} ''king'', {{lang|ga|cuairt}} {{IPA|/kuəɾˠtʲ/}} ''visit'', {{lang|ga|oirthear}} {{IPA|/ˈɔɾˠhəɾˠ/}} ''east'', {{lang|ga|airde}} {{IPA|/aːɾˠdʲə/}} ''height'', {{lang|ga|coirnéal}} {{IPA|/ˈkoːɾˠnʲeːɫ̪/}} ''corner'', {{lang|ga|duirling}} {{IPA|/ˈd̪ˠuːɾˠlʲənʲ/}} ''stony beach'', {{lang|ga|sreang}} {{IPA|/sˠɾˠaŋg/}} ''string''
|-
| slender
| {{IPA|/rʲ/}}
| {{lang|ga|tirim}} {{IPA|/ˈtʲɪɾʲəmʲ/}} ''dry''
|-
| colspan=2 | '''rr'''
| {{IPA|/ɾˠ/}}
| {{lang|ga|barr}} {{IPA|/baːɾˠ/}} ''tip, point'', {{lang|ga|cairr}} {{IPA|/kaːɾˠ/}} ''car'' (genitive)
|-
| rowspan=2 | '''s'''
| broad
| {{IPA|/sˠ/}}<br /><small>(Always broad word-initially before '''m, p, r'''.)</small>
| {{lang|ga|Sasana}} {{IPA|/ˈsˠasˠən̪ˠə/}} ''England'', {{lang|ga|tús}} {{IPA|/t̪ˠuːsˠ/}} ''beginning'', {{lang|ga|speal}} {{IPA|/sˠpʲaɫ̪/}} ''scythe'', {{lang|ga|sméar}} {{IPA|/sˠmʲeːɾˠ/}} ''blackberry'', {{lang|ga|sreang}} {{IPA|/sˠɾˠaŋg/}} ''string''
|-
| slender
| {{IPA|/ʃ/}}
| {{lang|ga|sean}} {{IPA|/ʃan̪ˠ/}} ''old'', {{lang|ga|cáis}} {{IPA|/kaːʃ/}} ''cheese''
|-
| rowspan=2 | '''sh'''
| broad
| {{IPA|/h/}}
| {{lang|ga|Shasana}} {{IPA|/ˈhasˠən̪ˠə/}} ''England'' (lenited) 
|-
| slender
| {{IPA|/h/}}<br />{{IPA|/ç/}} before {{IPA|/aː, oː, u(ː)/}} 
| {{lang|ga|shean}} {{IPA|/han̪ˠ/}} ''old'' (lenited)<br />{{lang|ga|Sheáin}} {{IPA|/çaːnʲ/}} ''John'' (genitive), {{lang|ga|sheol}} {{IPA|/çoːɫ̪/}} ''sailed'', {{lang|ga|shiúil}} {{IPA|/çuːlʲ/}} ''walked'', {{lang|ga|shiopa}} {{IPA|/ˈçʊpˠə/}} ''shop'' (lenited)
|-
| rowspan=3 | '''t'''
| broad
| {{IPA|/t̪ˠ/}}
| {{lang|ga|taisce}} {{IPA|/ˈt̪ˠaʃcə/}} ''treasure'', {{lang|ga|ceart}} {{IPA|/caɾˠt̪ˠ/}} ''correct''
|-
| slender
| {{IPA|/tʲ/}}
| {{lang|ga|tír}} {{IPA|/tʲiːɾʲ/}} ''country'', {{lang|ga|beirt}} {{IPA|/bʲɛɾˠtʲ/}} ''two (people)''
|-
| colspan=3 |  See [[#Special pronunciations in verb forms|Special pronunciations in verb forms]] for '''-t-''' in verbal adjectives 
|-
| rowspan=''4'' | '''th'''
| broad
| {{IPA|/h/}}
| {{lang|ga|thaisce}} {{IPA|/ˈhaʃcə/}} ''treasure'' (lenited), {{lang|ga|athair}} {{IPA|/ˈahəɾʲ/}} ''father''
|-
| slender
| {{IPA|/h/}}<br />{{IPA|/ç/}} when lenited from {{IPA|/tʲaː-, tʲoː-, tʲu(ː)-/}} 
| {{lang|ga|theanga}} {{IPA|/ˈhaŋgə/}} ''tongue'' (lenited)<br />{{lang|ga|theann}} {{IPA|/çaːn̪ˠ/}} ''tight'' (lenited), {{lang|ga|theocht}} {{IPA|/çoːxt̪ˠ/}} ''heat'' (lenited), {{lang|ga|thiúilip}} {{IPA|/ˈçuːlʲəpʲ/}} ''tulip'' (lenited), {{lang|ga|thiocfadh}} {{IPA|/ˈçʊkəx/}} ''would come'', {{lang|ga|thiubh}} {{IPA|/çʊw/}} ''thick'' (lenited) 
|-
| colspan=2 | Silent at the end of a syllable 
| {{lang|ga|bláth}} {{IPA|/bˠɫ̪aː/}} ''blossom'', {{lang|ga|cith}} {{IPA|/cɪ/}} ''shower'', {{lang|ga|cothrom}} {{IPA|/ˈkɔɾˠəmˠ/}} ''equal'' 
|-
| colspan=3 |  See [[#Special pronunciations in verb forms|Special pronunciations in verb forms]] for '''-th-''' in verbal adjectives 
|-
| rowspan=2 | '''ts'''<br /><small>(special lenition of '''s-''' after '''an''' 'the')</small>
| broad
| {{IPA|/t̪ˠ/}}
| {{lang|ga|an tsolais}} {{IPA|/ən̪ˠ ˈt̪ˠɔɫ̪əʃ/}} ''of the light''
|-
| slender
| {{IPA|/tʲ/}}
| {{lang|ga|an tSín}} {{IPA|/ənʲ tʲiːnʲ/}} ''China''
|-
| rowspan=2 | '''v'''
| broad
| {{IPA|/w/}}
| {{lang|ga|vóta}} {{IPA|/ˈwoːt̪ˠə/}} ''vote''
|-
| slender
| {{IPA|/vʲ/}}
| {{lang|ga|veidhlín}} {{IPA|/ˈvʲailʲiːnʲ/}} ''violin''
|}
 
==Vowels==
The following chart indicates how written vowels are ''generally'' pronounced.  Each dialect has certain divergences from this general scheme.
{| class=''wikitable''
! colspan=2 | Letter(s)
! Phoneme
! Examples
|-
| rowspan=3 | '''a'''
| rowspan=2 | stressed
| {{IPA|/a/}}
| {{lang|ga|fan}} {{IPA|/fˠan̪ˠ/}} ''stay'' (imper.)
|-
| {{IPA|/aː/}} before '''rl, rn, rd'''<br />before syllable-final '''ll, nn, rr'''<br />before word-final '''m'''
| {{lang|ga|tarlú}} {{IPA|/ˈt̪ˠaːɾˠɫ̪uː/}} ''happening'', {{lang|ga|carnán}} {{IPA|/ˈkaːɾˠn̪ˠaːn̪ˠ/}} ''(small) heap'', {{lang|ga|garda}} {{IPA|/ˈgaːɾˠd̪ˠə/}} ''policeman''<br />{{lang|ga|mall}} {{IPA|/mˠaːɫ̪/}} ''slow, late'', {{lang|ga|ann}} {{IPA|/aːn̪ˠ/}} ''there'', {{lang|ga|barr}} {{IPA|/bˠaːɾˠ/}} ''tip, point''<br />{{lang|ga|am}} {{IPA|/aːmˠ/}} ''time''
|-
| unstressed
| {{IPA|/ə/}}
| {{lang|ga|ólann}} {{IPA|/ˈoːɫ̪ən̪ˠ/}} ''drink'' (present), {{lang|ga|mála}} {{IPA|/ˈmˠaːɫ̪ə/}} ''bag''
|-
| colspan=2 | '''á'''
| {{IPA|/aː/}}
| {{lang|ga|bán}} {{IPA|/bˠaːn̪ˠ/}} ''white''
|-
| '''abh(a(i))'''
| stressed
| {{IPA|/au/}}
| {{lang|ga|abhainn}} {{IPA|/aunʲ/}} ''river'', {{lang|ga|cabhrach}} {{IPA|/ˈkauɾˠəx/}} ''helpful''
|-
| '''adh(a(i))'''
| stressed
| {{IPA|/ai/}}
| {{lang|ga|adhairt}} {{IPA|/aiɾˠtʲ/}} ''pillow'', {{lang|ga|Tadhg}} {{IPA|/t̪ˠaig/}} (man's name)
|-
| rowspan=''2'' | '''adh'''
| unstressed
| {{IPA|/ə/}}
| {{lang|ga|margadh}} {{IPA|/ˈmˠaɾˠəgə/}} ''market''
|-
| colspan=''3'' | See also [[#Special pronunciations in verb forms|Special pronunciations in verb forms]]  
|-
| colspan=2 | '''ae(i)'''
| {{IPA|/eː/}}
| {{lang|ga|Gaelach}} {{IPA|/ˈgeːɫ̪əx/}} ''Gaelic'', {{lang|ga|Gaeilge}} {{IPA|/ˈgeːlʲɟə/}} ''Irish (language)''
|-
| colspan=2 | '''agh(a(i))'''
| {{IPA|/ai/}}
| {{lang|ga|aghaidh}} {{IPA|/aij/}} ''face'', {{lang|ga|saghsanna}} {{IPA|/ˈsˠaisˠən̪ˠə/}} ''sorts, kinds''
|-
| rowspan=4 | '''ai'''
| rowspan=3 | stressed
| {{IPA|/a/}}
| {{lang|ga|baile}} {{IPA|/ˈbˠalʲə/}} ''home''
|-
|  {{IPA|/aː/}} before '''rl, rn, rd'''<br />before syllable-final '''ll, nn, rr'''
|  {{lang|ga|airne}} {{IPA|/aːɾˠnʲə/}} ''sloe''<br />{{lang|ga|caillte}} {{IPA|/ˈkaːlʲtʲə/}} ''lost, ruined'', {{lang|ga|crainn}} {{IPA|/kɾˠaːnʲ/}} ''trees''
|-
| {{IPA|/ɛ/}} before '''bh''' in a handful of words
| {{lang|ga|raibh}} {{IPA|/ɾˠɛvʲ/}} ''was'' (dependent), {{lang|ga|daibhir}} {{IPA|/ˈd̪ˠɛvəɾʲ/}} ''poor'', {{lang|ga|saibhir}} {{IPA|/ˈsˠɛvʲərʲ/}} ''rich''
|-
|  unstressed
|  {{IPA|/ə/}}
|  {{lang|ga|eolais}} {{IPA|/ˈoːɫ̪əʃ/}} ''knowledge'' (genitive)
|-
| colspan=2 | '''ái'''
| {{IPA|/aː/}}
| {{lang|ga|dáil}} {{IPA|/d̪ˠaːlʲ/}} ''assembly'', {{lang|ga|gabháil}} {{IPA|/ˈgawaːlʲ/}} ''taking''
|-
| colspan=2 | '''aí'''
| {{IPA|/iː/}}
| {{lang|ga|maígh}} {{IPA|/mˠiːj/}} ''claim'' (imper.), {{lang|ga|gutaí}} {{IPA|/ˈgʊt̪ˠiː/}} ''vowels''
|-
| rowspan=3 | '''aidh, aigh'''
| stressed
| {{IPA|/ai/}}
| {{lang|ga|aidhm}} {{IPA|/aimʲ/}} ''aim'', {{lang|ga|saighdiúir}} {{IPA|/ˈsˠaidʲuːrʲ/}} ''soldier''
|-
| unstressed
| {{IPA|/iː/}}
| {{lang|ga|cleachtaidh}} {{IPA|/ˈclʲaxt̪ˠiː/}} ''practice'' (genitive), {{lang|ga|bacaigh}} {{IPA|/ˈbˠakiː/}} ''beggar'' (genitive)
|-
| colspan=''3'' |  See also [[#Special pronunciations in verb forms|Special pronunciations in verb forms]]
|-
| colspan=2 | '''aío'''
| {{IPA|/iː/}}
| {{lang|ga|naíonán}} {{IPA|/ˈn̪ˠiːn̪ˠaːn̪ˠ/}} ''infant'', {{lang|ga|beannaíonn}} {{IPA|/ˈbʲan̪ˠiːn̪ˠ/}} ''blesses''
|-
| colspan=2 | '''amh(a(i))'''
| {{IPA|/au/}}
| {{lang|ga|Samhain}} {{IPA|/sˠaunʲ/}} ''November'', {{lang|ga|amhantar}} {{IPA|/ˈaun̪ˠt̪ˠəɾˠ/}} ''venture'', {{lang|ga|ramhraigh}} {{IPA|/ˈɾˠauɾˠiː/}} ''fattened''
|-
| colspan=2 rowspan=''2'' | '''ao'''
| {{IPA|/iː/}}
| {{lang|ga|saol}} {{IPA|/sˠiːɫ̪/}} ''life, world''
|-
| colspan=2 | {{IPA|/eː/}} in the word {{lang|ga|aon}} {{IPA|/eːn̪ˠ/}} ''one'' and its derivatives, e.g. {{lang|ga|aontacht}} {{IPA|/ˈeːn̪ˠt̪ˠəxt̪ˠ/}} ''union'', {{lang|ga|na Stáit Aontaithe}} {{IPA|/n̪ˠə sˠt̪ˠaːtʲ ˈeːn̪ˠt̪ˠəhə/}} ''the United States''
|-
| colspan=2 | '''aoi'''
| {{IPA|/iː/}}
| {{lang|ga|gaois}} {{IPA|/giːʃ/}} ''shrewdness''
|-
| rowspan=2 | '''e'''
| stressed
| {{IPA|/ɛ/}}
| {{lang|ga|te}} {{IPA|/tʲɛ/}} ''hot''
|-
| unstressed
| {{IPA|/ə/}} 
| {{lang|ga|míle}} {{IPA|/ˈmʲiːlʲə/}} ''thousand''
|-
| colspan=2 | '''é'''
| {{IPA|/eː/}}
| {{lang|ga|sé}} {{IPA|/ʃeː/}} ''he''
|-
| rowspan=4 | '''ea'''
| rowspan=3 | stressed
| {{IPA|/a/}}
| {{lang|ga|bean}} {{IPA|/bʲan̪ˠ/}} ''woman''
|-
| {{IPA|/aː/}} before '''rl, rn, rd'''<br />before syllable-final '''ll, nn, rr'''
| {{lang|ga|bearna}} {{IPA|/ˈbʲaːɾˠn̪ˠə/}} ''gap''<br />{{lang|ga|feall}} {{IPA|/fʲaːɫ̪/}} ''treachery'', {{lang|ga|feanntach}} {{IPA|/ˈfʲaːn̪ˠt̪ˠəx/}} ''severe''
|-
| colspan=2 | {{IPA|/ɔ/}} in the word {{lang|ga|''beag''}} {{IPA|/bʲɔg/}} ''small''
|-
| unstressed
| {{IPA|/ə/}} 
| {{lang|ga|seisean}} {{IPA|/ˈʃɛʃən̪ˠ/}} ''he'' (emph.) 
|-
| colspan=2 | '''éa'''
| {{IPA|/eː/}}
| {{lang|ga|déanamh}} {{IPA|/ˈdʲeːn̪ˠəw/}} ''doing'', {{lang|ga|buidéal}} {{IPA|/ˈbˠɪdʲeːɫ̪/}} ''bottle''
|-
| colspan=2 | '''eá'''
| {{IPA|/aː/}}
| {{lang|ga|Seán}} {{IPA|/ʃaːn̪ˠ/}} ''John''<br />{{lang|ga|caisleán}} {{IPA|/ˈkaʃlʲaːn̪ˠ/}} ''castle''
|-
| colspan=2 | '''eabh(a(i))'''
| {{IPA|/au/}}
| {{lang|ga|leabhair}} {{IPA|/lʲauɾʲ/}} ''books''<br />{{lang|ga|Feabhra}} {{IPA|/ˈfʲauɾˠə/}} ''February''
|-
| '''eadh(a(i)'''
| stressed
| {{IPA|/ai/}} 
| {{lang|ga|meadhg}} {{IPA|/mʲaig/}} ''whey''
|-
| rowspan=2 | '''-eadh'''
| unstressed
| {{IPA|/ə/}} 
| {{lang|ga|briseadh}} {{IPA|/ˈbʲɾʲɪʃə/}} ''breaking''
|-
| colspan=''3'' |  See also [[#Special pronunciations in verb forms|Special pronunciations in verb forms]]
|-
| colspan=2 | '''eai'''
| {{IPA|/a/}}
| {{lang|ga|veain}} {{IPA|/vʲanʲ/}} ''van''
|-
| colspan=2 | '''eái'''
| {{IPA|/aː/}}
| {{lang|ga|meáin}} {{IPA|/mʲaːnʲ/}} ''middles'', {{lang|ga|caisleáin}} {{IPA|/ˈkaʃlʲaːnʲ/}} ''castles''
|-
| colspan=2 | '''eamh(a(i))'''
| {{IPA|/au/}}
| {{lang|ga|sleamhain}} {{IPA|/ʃlʲaunʲ/}} ''smooth'', {{lang|ga|leamhnacht}} {{IPA|/ˈlʲaun̪ˠəxt̪ˠ/}} ''new milk''
|-
| rowspan=''5'' colspan=2 | '''ei'''
| {{IPA|/ɛ/}}
| {{lang|ga|ceist}} {{IPA|/cɛʃtʲ/}} ''question''
|-
| {{IPA|/ɪ/}} before '''m, mh, n'''
| {{lang|ga|creimeadh}} {{IPA|/ˈcɾʲɪmʲə/}} ''corrosion, erosion'', {{lang|ga|geimhreadh}} {{IPA|/ˈɟɪvʲrʲə/}} ''winter'', {{lang|ga|seinm}} {{IPA|/ˈʃɪnʲəmʲ/}} ''playing''
|-
| {{IPA|/eː/}} before '''rl, rn, rd'''
| {{lang|ga|eirleach}} {{IPA|/ˈeːɾˠlʲəx/}} ''destruction'', {{lang|ga|ceirnín}} {{IPA|/ˈceːɾˠnʲiːnʲ/}} ''record album'', {{lang|ga|ceird}} {{IPA|/ceːɾˠdʲ/}} ''trade, craft''
|-
| {{IPA|/ai/}} before syllable-final '''ll''' 
| {{lang|ga|feill-}} {{IPA|/fʲailʲ/}} ''exceedingly''
|-
| {{IPA|/iː/}} before syllable-final '''nn''' and word-final '''m''' 
| {{lang|ga|greim}} {{IPA|/ɟɾʲiːmʲ/}} ''grip''
|-
| colspan=2 | '''éi'''
| {{IPA|/eː/}}
| {{lang|ga|scéimh}} {{IPA|/ʃceːvʲ/}} ''beauty'', {{lang|ga|páipéir}} {{IPA|/ˈpˠaːpʲeːɾʲ/}} ''papers''
|-
| colspan=2 | '''eidh(i/ea), eigh(i/ea)'''
| {{IPA|/ai/}} 
| {{lang|ga|feidhm}} {{IPA|/fʲaimʲ/}} ''function'', {{lang|ga|leigheas}} {{IPA|/lʲaisˠ/}} ''healing''
|-
| colspan=2 rowspan=2 | '''eo'''
| {{IPA|/oː/}}
| {{lang|ga|ceol}} {{IPA|/coːɫ̪/}} ''music'', {{lang|ga|baileofar}} {{IPA|/ˈbˠalʲoːfˠəɾˠ/}} ''one will gather''
|-
| colspan=2 | {{IPA|/ɔ/}} in the words {{lang|ga|''anseo''}} {{IPA|/ənʲˈʃɔ/}} ''here'', {{lang|ga|''deoch''}} {{IPA|/dʲɔx/}} ''a drink'', {{lang|ga|eochair}} {{IPA|/ˈɔxəɾʲ/}} ''a key'', and {{lang|ga|''seo''}} {{IPA|/ʃɔ/}} ''this''
|-
| colspan=2 | '''eoi'''
| {{IPA|/oː/}}
| {{lang|ga|dreoilín}} {{IPA|/ˈdʲɾʲoːlʲiːnʲ/}} ''wren'', {{lang|ga|baileoimid}} {{IPA|/ˈbˠalʲoːmʲədʲ/}} ''we will gather''
|-
| rowspan=3 | '''i'''
| rowspan=2 | stressed
| {{IPA|/ɪ/}}
| {{lang|ga|pic}} {{IPA|/pʲɪc/}} ''pitch'', {{lang|ga|ifreann}} {{IPA|/ˈɪfʲɾʲən/}} ''hell''
|-
| {{IPA|/iː/}} before syllable-final '''ll, nn'''<br />before word-final '''m'''
| {{lang|ga|cill}} {{IPA|/ciːlʲ/}} ''church'', {{lang|ga|cinnte}} {{IPA|/ˈciːnʲtʲə/}} ''sure''<br />{{lang|ga|im}} {{IPA|/iːmʲ/}} ''butter'' 
|-
| unstressed
| {{IPA|/ə/}}
| {{lang|ga|faoistin}} {{IPA|/ˈfˠiːʃtʲənʲ/}} ''confession''
|-
| colspan=2 | '''í'''
| {{IPA|/iː/}}
| {{lang|ga|gnímh}} {{IPA|/ɟnʲiːvʲ/}} ''act, deed'' (gen.), {{lang|ga|cailín}} {{IPA|/ˈkalʲiːnʲ/}} 'girl'
|-
| colspan=2 | '''ia'''
| {{IPA|/iə/}} 
| {{lang|ga|Diarmaid}} {{IPA|/dʲiərmədʲ/}} ''Dermot''
|-
| colspan=2 | '''iai''' 
| {{IPA|/iə/}}
| {{lang|ga|bliain}} {{IPA|/bʲlʲiənʲ/}} ''year''
|-
| rowspan=''2'' | '''idh, igh'''
| unstressed
| {{IPA|/iː/}}
| {{lang|ga|tuillidh}} {{IPA|/ˈt̪ˠɪlʲiː/}} ''addition'' (gen.), {{lang|ga|coiligh}} {{IPA|/ˈkɛlʲiː/}} ''rooster'' (gen.)
|-
| colspan=''3'' |  See also [[#Special pronunciations in verb forms|Special pronunciations in verb forms]]
|-
| rowspan=''3'' colspan=2 | '''io'''
| {{IPA|/ɪ/}} before coronals and '''th'''
| {{lang|ga|fios}} {{IPA|/fʲɪsˠ/}} ''knowledge'', {{lang|ga|bior}} {{IPA|/bʲɪɾˠ/}} ''spit, spike'', {{lang|ga|cion}} {{IPA|/cɪn̪ˠ/}} ''affection'', {{lang|ga|giota}} {{IPA|/ˈɟɪt̪ˠə/}} ''bit, piece'', {{lang|ga|giodam}} {{IPA|/ˈɟɪd̪ˠəmˠ/}} ''restlessness'', {{lang|ga|friotháil}} {{IPA|/ˈfʲɾʲɪhaːlʲ/}} ''attention''
|-
| {{IPA|/ʊ/}} before noncoronals
| {{lang|ga|siopa}} {{IPA|/ˈʃʊpˠə/}} ''shop'', {{lang|ga|liom}} {{IPA|/lʲʊmˠ/}} ''with me'', {{lang|ga|tiocfaidh}} {{IPA|/ˈtʲʊkiː/}} ''will come'', {{lang|ga|Siobhán}} {{IPA|/ˈʃʊwaːn̪ˠ/}} ''Joan'', {{lang|ga|briogáid}} {{IPA|/ˈbʲɾʲʊgaːdʲ/}} ''brigade'', {{lang|ga|tiomáin}} {{IPA|/ˈtʲʊmaːnʲ/}} ''drive'' (imper.), {{lang|ga|ionga}} {{IPA|/ˈʊŋgə/}} ''(finger)nail''
|-
| {{IPA|/iː/}} before syllable-final '''nn''' 
| {{lang|ga|fionn}} {{IPA|/fʲiːn̪ˠ/}} ''light-haired''
|-
| colspan=''2'' | '''ío'''
| {{IPA|/iː/}}
| {{lang|ga|síol}} {{IPA|/ʃiːɫ̪/}} ''seed''
|-
| colspan=2 | '''iu'''
| {{IPA|/ʊ/}}
| {{lang|ga|fliuch}} {{IPA|/fʲlʲʊx/}} ''wet''
|-
| colspan=2 | '''iú'''
| {{IPA|/uː/}}
| {{lang|ga|siúl}} {{IPA|/ʃuːɫ̪/}} ''walk'', {{lang|ga|bailiú}} {{IPA|/ˈbˠalʲuː/}} ''gathering''
|-
| colspan=2 | '''iúi'''
| {{IPA|/uː/}}
| {{lang|ga|ciúin}} {{IPA|/cuːnʲ/}} ''quiet'', {{lang|ga|inniúil}} {{IPA|/ˈɪnʲuːlʲ/}} ''able, fit''
|-
| rowspan=5 | '''o'''
| rowspan=4 | stressed
| {{IPA|/ɔ/}}
| {{lang|ga|post}} {{IPA|/pˠɔsˠt̪ˠ/}} ''post''
|-
| {{IPA|/ʊ/}} before '''n, m'''
| {{lang|ga|Donncha}} {{IPA|/ˈd̪ˠʊn̪əxə/}} (man's name), {{lang|ga|cromóg}} {{IPA|/ˈkɾˠʊmˠoːg/}} ''hooked nose''
|-
| {{IPA|/oː/}} before '''rl, rn, rd'''<br />before syllable-final '''ll, rr'''
| {{lang|ga|bord}} {{IPA|/bˠoːɾˠd̪ˠ/}} ''table'', {{lang|ga|orlach}} {{IPA|/ˈoːɾˠɫ̪əx/}} ''inch''<br />{{lang|ga|poll}} {{IPA|/pˠoːɫ̪/}} ''hole'', {{lang|ga|corr}} {{IPA|/koːɾˠ/}} ''odd''
|-
| {{IPA|/uː/}} before syllable-final '''nn'''<br />before word-final '''m, ng'''
| {{lang|ga|fonn}} {{IPA|/fˠuːn̪ˠ/}} ''desire, inclination''<br />{{lang|ga|trom}} {{IPA|/t̪ˠɾˠuːmˠ/}} ''heavy'', {{lang|ga|long}} {{IPA|/ɫ̪uːŋg/}} ''ship''
|-
| unstressed
| {{IPA|/ə/}}
| {{lang|ga|mo}} {{IPA|/mˠə/}} ''my'', {{lang|ga|cothrom}} {{IPA|/ˈkɔɾˠəmˠ/}} ''equal''
|-
| colspan=2 | '''ó'''
| {{IPA|/oː/}}
| {{lang|ga|póg}} {{IPA|/pˠoːg/}} ''kiss'', {{lang|ga|armónach}} {{IPA|/ˈaɾˠəmˠoːn̪əx/}} ''harmonic''
|-
| colspan=2 | '''obh(a(i)), odh(a(i)), ogh(a(i))'''
| {{IPA|/au/}}
| {{lang|ga|lobhar}} {{IPA|/ɫ̪auɾˠ/}} ''leper'', {{lang|ga|bodhar}} {{IPA|/bˠauɾˠ/}} ''deaf'', {{lang|ga|rogha}} {{IPA|/ɾˠau/}} ''choice''
|-
| rowspan=7 | '''oi'''
| rowspan=6 | stressed
| {{IPA|/ɛ/}}
| {{lang|ga|scoil}} {{IPA|/sˠkɛlʲ/}} ''school'', {{lang|ga|troid}} {{IPA|/t̪ˠɾˠɛdʲ/}} ''fight'' (imper.), {{lang|ga|toitín}} {{IPA|/ˈt̪ˠɛtʲiːnʲ/}} ''cigarette'', {{lang|ga|oibre}} {{IPA|/ˈɛbʲɾʲə/}} ''work'' (gen.), {{lang|ga|thoir}} {{IPA|/hɛɾʲ/}} ''in the east'', {{lang|ga|cloiche}} {{IPA|/ˈkɫ̪ɛhə/}} ''stone'' (gen.)
|-
| {{IPA|/ɔ/}} before '''s, cht, rs, rt, rth'''
| {{lang|ga|cois}} {{IPA|/kɔʃ/}} ''foot'' (dat.), {{lang|ga|cloisfidh}} {{IPA|/ˈkɫ̪ɔʃiː/}} ''will hear'', {{lang|ga|boicht}} {{IPA|/bˠɔxtʲ/}} ''poor'' (gen. sg. masc.), {{lang|ga|doirse}} {{IPA|/ˈd̪ɔɾˠʃə/}} ''doors'', {{lang|ga|goirt}} {{IPA|/gɔɾˠtʲ/}} ''salty'', {{lang|ga|oirthear}} {{IPA|/ˈɔɾˠhəɾˠ/}} ''east''
|-
| {{IPA|/ɪ/}} next to '''n, m, mh''' 
| {{lang|ga|anois}} {{IPA|/əˈn̪ˠɪʃ/}} ''now'', {{lang|ga|gloine}} {{IPA|/ˈgɫ̪ɪnʲə/}} ''glass'', {{lang|ga|cnoic}} {{IPA|/kn̪ˠɪc/}} ''hills'', {{lang|ga|roimh}} {{IPA|/ɾˠɪvʲ/}} ''before'', {{lang|ga|coimeád}} {{IPA|/ˈkɪmʲaːd̪ˠ/}} ''keep'' (imper.), {{lang|ga|loinge}} {{IPA|/ˈɫ̪ɪɲɟə/}} ''ship'' (gen.) 
|-
| {{IPA|/ai/}} before syllable-final '''ll''' 
| {{lang|ga|coill}} {{IPA|/kailʲ/}} ''forest, woods'', {{lang|ga|coillte}} {{IPA|/ˈkailʲtʲə/}} ''forests''
|-
| {{IPA|/iː/}} before syllable-final '''nn''' and word-final '''m''' 
| {{lang|ga|foinn}} {{IPA|/fˠiːnʲ/}} ''wish'' (gen.), {{lang|ga|droim}} {{IPA|/d̪ˠɾˠiːmʲ/}} ''back''
|-
| {{IPA|/oː/}} before '''rl, rn, rd''' 
| {{lang|ga|coirnéal}} {{IPA|/ˈkoːɾˠnʲeːɫ̪/}} ''corner'', {{lang|ga|oird}} {{IPA|/oːɾˠdʲ/}} ''sledgehammers'' 
|-
| unstressed
| {{IPA|/ə/}}
| {{lang|ga|éadroime}} {{IPA|/eːdrəmʲə/}} 'lightness' 
|-
| colspan=2 | '''ói'''
| {{IPA|/oː/}}
| {{lang|ga|móin}} {{IPA|/mˠoːnʲ/}} ''sod, turf'', {{lang|ga|bádóir}} {{IPA|/ˈbˠaːd̪ˠoːrʲ/}} ''boatman''
|-
| colspan=2 | '''oí'''
| {{IPA|/iː/}}
| {{lang|ga|croíleacán}} {{IPA|/ˈkɾˠiːlʲəkaːn̪ˠ/}} ''core''
|-
| colspan=2 | '''oidh(i/ea), oigh(i/ea)''' 
| {{IPA|/ai/}}
| {{lang|ga|oidhre}} {{IPA|/airʲə/}} ''heir'', {{lang|ga|loighic}} {{IPA|/ɫ̪aic/}} ''logic''
|-
| colspan=2 | '''oío'''
| {{IPA|/iː/}}
| {{lang|ga|croíonna}} {{IPA|/ˈkɾˠiːn̪ˠə/}} ''hearts''
|-
| colspan=2 | '''omh(a(i))'''
| {{IPA|/oː/}}
| {{lang|ga|tomhail}} {{IPA|/t̪ˠoːlʲ/}} ''consume'' (imper.), {{lang|ga|Domhnach}} {{IPA|/ˈd̪ˠoːn̪ˠəx/}} ''Sunday''
|-
| rowspan=4 | '''u'''
| rowspan=3 | stressed
| {{IPA|/ʊ/}}
| {{lang|ga|dubh}} {{IPA|/d̪ˠʊw/}} ''black''
|-
| {{IPA|/ɔ/}} in English loanwords, corresponds to {{IPA|/ʌ/}} 
| {{lang|ga|bus}} {{IPA|/bˠɔsˠ/}}, {{lang|ga|club}} {{IPA|/kɫ̪ɔbˠ/}}
|-
| {{IPA|/uː/}} before '''rl, rn, rd''' 
| {{lang|ga|burla}} {{IPA|/ˈbˠuːɾˠɫ̪ə/}} ''bundle'', {{lang|ga|murnán}} {{IPA|/ˈmˠuːɾˠn̪ˠaːn̪ˠ/}} ''ankle'', {{lang|ga|urlár}} {{IPA|/ˈuːɾˠɫ̪aːɾˠ/}} ''floor''
|-
| unstressed
| {{IPA|/ə/}}
| {{lang|ga|agus}} {{IPA|/ˈagəs/}} ''and''
|-
| colspan=2 | '''ú'''
| {{IPA|/uː/}}
| {{lang|ga|tús}} {{IPA|/t̪ˠuːsˠ/}} ''beginning''
|-
| colspan=2 | '''ua'''
| {{IPA|/uə/}}
| {{lang|ga|fuar}} {{IPA|/fˠuəɾˠ/}} ''cold''
|-
| colspan=2 | '''uai'''
| {{IPA|/uə/}}
| {{lang|ga|fuair}} {{IPA|/fˠuəɾʲ/}} ''got''
|-
| rowspan=5 | '''ui'''
| rowspan=4 | stressed
| {{IPA|/ɪ/}}
| {{lang|ga|duine}} {{IPA|/ˈd̪ˠɪnʲə/}} ''person''
|-
| {{IPA|/ʊ/}} before '''cht, rs, rt''' 
| {{lang|ga|tuirseach}} {{IPA|/ˈt̪ˠʊɾˠʃəx/}} ''tired'', {{lang|ga|cluichte}} {{IPA|/ˈkɫ̪ʊxtʲə/}} ''harassment'' (gen.)
|-
| {{IPA|/iː/}} before syllable-final '''ll, nn'''<br />before word-final '''m'''
| {{lang|ga|tuillteanach}} {{IPA|/ˈt̪ˠiːlʲtʲən̪ˠəx/}} ''deserving'', {{lang|ga|puinn}} {{IPA|/pˠiːnʲ/}} ''much''<br />{{lang|ga|suim}} {{IPA|/sˠiːmʲ/}} ''interest''
|-
| {{IPA|/uː/}} before '''rl, rn, rd''' 
| {{lang|ga|duirling}} {{IPA|/ˈd̪ˠuːɾˠlʲənʲ/}} ''stony beach'', {{lang|ga|tuirne}} {{IPA|/ˈt̪ˠuːɾˠnʲə/}} ''spinning wheel''
|-
| unstressed
| {{IPA|/ə/}}
| {{lang|ga|aguisín}} {{IPA|/ˈagəʃiːnʲ/}} ''addition''
|-
| colspan=2 | '''úi'''
| {{IPA|/uː/}}
| {{lang|ga|súil}} {{IPA|/suːlʲ/}} ''eye'', {{lang|ga|cosúil}} {{IPA|/ˈkɔsˠuːlʲ/}} ''like, resembling''
|-
| colspan=2 | '''uí'''
| {{IPA|/iː/}}
| {{lang|ga|buígh}} {{IPA|/bˠiːj/}} ''turn yellow'' (imper.)
|-
| colspan=2 | '''uío'''
| {{IPA|/iː/}}
| {{lang|ga|buíon}} {{IPA|/bˠiːn̪ˠ/}} ''band, troop''
|}
 
;Observations
*When '''e''', '''é''', '''i''', or '''í''' come after or before a consonant, they make the consonant slender.
*Between a consonant and a vowel, or vice-versa, '''e''' and '''i''' are usually silent, and just indicate that the adjacent consonants are slender. However, they may be pronounced in the digraphs '''ei''', '''ia''', '''io''', '''oi''', '''ui'''.
*The accented letters '''é''' and '''í''' are always pronounced.
*In [[digraph]]s and [[trigraph]]s containing a vowel with an [[acute accent]] (known in Irish as a ''fada'' or ''síneadh fada''), only the accented vowel is normally pronounced.
 
== The epenthetic vowel ==
 
In a sequence of short vowel + {{IPA|/l, r, n/}} + [[labial consonant|labial]] or [[velar consonant]] an unwritten {{IPA|/ə/}} gets pronounced between the {{IPA|/l, r, n/}} and the following consonant:
 
*{{lang|ga|gorm}} {{IPA|/ˈgɔɾˠəmˠ/}} ''blue''
*{{lang|ga|dearg}} {{IPA|/ˈdʲaɾˠəg/}} ''red''
*{{lang|ga|dorcha}} {{IPA|/ˈd̪ˠɔɾˠəxə/}} ''dark''
*{{lang|ga|ainm}} {{IPA|/ˈanʲəmʲ/}} ''name''
*{{lang|ga|seanchaí}} {{IPA|/ˈʃan̪ˠəxiː/}} ''storyteller''
*{{lang|ga|leanbh}} {{IPA|/ˈlʲan̪ˠəw/}} ''child''
*{{lang|ga|colm}} {{IPA|/ˈkɔɫ̪əm/}} ''dove''
 
There is no epenthesis before [[phonation|voiceless]] [[stop consonant|stops]] or after long [[vowel]]s and [[diphthong]]s:
*{{lang|ga|corp}} {{IPA|/kɔɾˠpˠ/}} ''body''
*{{lang|ga|olc}} {{IPA|/ɔɫ̪k/}} ''bad''
*{{lang|ga|téarma}} {{IPA|/tʲeːɾˠmˠə/}} ''term''
*{{lang|ga|dualgas}} {{IPA|/ˈd̪ˠuəɫ̪gəsˠ/}} ''duty''
 
== Special pronunciations in verb forms ==
 
In [[verb]] forms some letters and letter combinations are pronounced differently from elsewhere.
 
In the [[imperfect]], [[conditional]], and [[imperative]], ''-dh'' is pronounced {{IPA|/tʲ/}} before a pronoun beginning with ''s-'':
*{{lang|ga|mholadh sé}} {{IPA|/ˈwɔɫ̪ətʲ ʃeː/}} ''he used to praise''
*{{lang|ga|bheannódh sibh}} {{IPA|/ˈvʲan̪ˠoːtʲ ʃɪvʲ/}} ''you (pl.) would bless''
*{{lang|ga|osclaíodh sí}} {{IPA|/ˈɔsˠkɫ̪iːtʲ ʃiː/}} ''let her open''
 
Otherwise it is pronounced {{IPA|/x/}}:
*{{lang|ga|mholadh an buachaill}} {{IPA|/ˈwɔɫ̪əx ə ˈbˠuəxəlʲ/}} ''the boy used to praise''
*{{lang|ga|bheannódh na cailíní}} {{IPA|/ˈvʲanoːx n̪ˠə ˈkalʲiːnʲiː/}} ''the girls would bless''
*{{lang|ga|osclaíodh Siobhán}} {{IPA|/ˈɔsˠkɫ̪iːx ˈʃʊwaːn̪ˠ/}} ''let Siobhán open''
 
In the preterite impersonal, ''-dh'' is pronounced {{IPA|/w/}}:
*{{lang|ga|moladh é}} {{IPA|/ˈmˠɔɫ̪əw eː/}} ''he was praised''
*{{lang|ga|beannaíodh na cailíní}} {{IPA|/ˈbʲan̪iːw nə ˈkalʲiːnʲiː/}} ''the girls were blessed''
 
''-(a)idh'' and ''-(a)igh'' are pronounced {{IPA|/ə/}} before a pronoun, otherwise {{IPA|/iː/}}:
*{{lang|ga|molfaidh mé}} {{IPA|/ˈmˠɔɫ̪hə mʲeː/}} ''I will praise''
*{{lang|ga|molfaidh Seán}} {{IPA|/ˈmˠɔɫ̪hiː ʃaːn/}} ''Seán will praise''
*{{lang|ga|bheannaigh mé}} {{IPA|/ˈvʲan̪ˠə mʲeː/}} ''I blessed''
*{{lang|ga|bheannaigh Seán}} {{IPA|/ˈvʲan̪ˠiː ʃaːn/}} ''Seán blessed''
 
In the [[future tense|future]] and conditional, ''f'' (broad or slender) has the following effects:
#After vowels and sonorants ({{IPA|/ɫ̪ lʲ mˠ mʲ n̪ˠ nʲ ɾˠ ɾʲ/}}) it is pronounced {{IPA|/h/}}:
#*{{lang|ga|molfaidh}} {{IPA|/ˈmˠɔɫ̪hiː/}} ''will praise''
#*{{lang|ga|dhófadh}} {{IPA|/ˈɣoːhəx/}} ''would burn''
#*{{lang|ga|déarfaidh}} {{IPA|/ˈdʲeːɾˠhiː/}} ''will say''
#It makes a voiced obstruent ({{IPA|/bˠ bʲ vʲ d̪ˠ g/}}) or {{IPA|/w/}} voiceless:
#*{{lang|ga|scuabfadh}} {{IPA|/ˈsˠkuəpəx/}} ''would sweep''
#*{{lang|ga|goidfidh}} {{IPA|/ˈgɛtʲiː/}} ''will steal''
#*{{lang|ga|leagfadh}} {{IPA|/ˈlʲakəx/}} ''would lay''
#*{{lang|ga|scríobhfaidh}} {{IPA|/ˈʃcɾʲiːfˠiː/}} ''will write''
#*{{lang|ga|shnámhfadh}} {{IPA|/ˈhn̪ˠaːfˠəx/}} ''would swim''
#It is silent after a voicless obstruent ({{IPA|/k c x ç pˠ pʲ  sˠ ʃ t̪ˠ tʲ/}})
#*{{lang|ga|brisfidh}} {{IPA|/ˈbʲɾʲɪʃiː/}} ''will break''
#*{{lang|ga|ghlacfadh}} {{IPA|/ˈɣɫ̪akəx/}} ''would accept''
#But in the future and conditional impersonal ''f'' is often {{IPA|/fˠ, fʲ/}}
#*{{lang|ga|molfar}} {{IPA|/ˈmˠɔɫ̪fˠəɾˠ/}} ''one will praise''
#*{{lang|ga|dhófaí}} {{IPA|/ˈɣoːfˠiː/}} ''one would burn''
#*{{lang|ga|scuabfar}} {{IPA|/ˈsˠkuəbˠfˠəɾˠ/}} ''one will sweep''
#*{{lang|ga|brisfear}} {{IPA|/ˈbʲɾʲɪʃfʲəɾˠ/}} ''one will break''
#In the [[past participle]] ''th'' (also ''t'' after ''d'') is silent but makes a voiced obstruent voiceless:
#*{{lang|ga|scuabtha}} {{IPA|/ˈsˠkuəpˠə/}} ''swept''
#*{{lang|ga|troidte}} {{IPA|/ˈt̪ˠɾˠɛtʲə/}} ''fought''
#*{{lang|ga|ruaigthe}} {{IPA|/ˈɾˠuəcə/}} ''chased''
 
==References==
*{{cite book|last=Ó Baoill|first=Dónall P.|title=Lárchanúint don Ghaeilge|year=1986|publisher=The Linguistics Institute of Ireland|location=Dublin|language=Irish|id=ISBN 0-946452-06-7}}
*{{cite book|last=Ó Siadhail|first=Mícheál|title=Learning Irish|year=1988|publisher=Yale University Press|location=New Haven|id=ISBN 0-300-04224-8}}

Latest revision as of 17:39, 4 March 2021


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