Gyrification: Difference between revisions
imported>Daniel Mietchen (→See also: moved to bibliography) |
imported>Daniel Mietchen (some rephrasing) |
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| url = http://brain.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/120/2/257 | | url = http://brain.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/120/2/257 | ||
| accessdate = 2008-04-22 | | accessdate = 2008-04-22 | ||
}}</ref><ref name=Chenn2002>{{citation | |||
| author = Chenn, Anjen; Walsh, Christopher A. | |||
| year = 2002 | |||
| title = Regulation of Cerebral Cortical Size by Control of Cell Cycle Exit in Neural Precursors | |||
| journal = Science | |||
| volume = 297 | |||
| issue = 5580 | |||
| pages = 365–9 | |||
| doi = 10.1126/science.1074192 | |||
| url = http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/297/5580/365 | |||
| pmid = 12130776 | |||
}}</ref>, the underlying [[biomechanical]] mechanisms are not yet well understood. The overall folding pattern, however, can be mechanistically explained in terms of the cerebral cortex resembling a [[gel]] that buckles under the influence of non-[[isotropic]] [[force]]s<ref name=Van1997>{{cite journal | }}</ref>, the underlying [[biomechanical]] mechanisms are not yet well understood. The overall folding pattern, however, can be mechanistically explained in terms of the cerebral cortex resembling a [[gel]] that buckles under the influence of non-[[isotropic]] [[force]]s<ref name=Van1997>{{cite journal | ||
| author = Van Essen, D.C. | | author = Van Essen, D.C. | ||
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}}</ref>. | }}</ref>. | ||
This multitude of underlying processes has rendered the concept of gyrification increasingly important for clinical diagnostics in recent years, since disturbances in the folding pattern — as determined by non-invasive [[neuroimaging]] — can be taken as indicators of [[neuropsychiatric disease]]s. Patients with [[schizophrenia]] or [[Williams syndrome]], for example, can be readily distinguished from [[healthy control]] populations on the basis of gyrification measures<ref name=Schmitt2002>{{cite journal | |||
| author = Schmitt, J.E. | | author = Schmitt, J.E. | ||
| coauthors = Watts, K.; Eliez, S.; Bellugi, U.; Galaburda, A.M.; Reiss, A.L. | | coauthors = Watts, K.; Eliez, S.; Bellugi, U.; Galaburda, A.M.; Reiss, A.L. | ||
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| pages = 292-295 | | pages = 292-295 | ||
| doi = 10.1111/j.1469-8749.2002.tb00813.x | | doi = 10.1111/j.1469-8749.2002.tb00813.x | ||
}}</ref>. | }}</ref>. | ||
== References== | == References== | ||
{{reflist}} | {{reflist}} | ||
Revision as of 04:33, 24 September 2008
In brain anatomy, gyrification (also known as foliation) refers to the folding of the cerebral cortex during brain development in many vertebrate taxa, including songbirds, cetaceans and primates[1][2][3].
While the extent of cortical folding has been found to be partly determined by genetic factors[4][5], the underlying biomechanical mechanisms are not yet well understood. The overall folding pattern, however, can be mechanistically explained in terms of the cerebral cortex resembling a gel that buckles under the influence of non-isotropic forces[6][7]. Possible causes of the non-isotropy include thermal noise, variations in the number and timing of cell divisions, cell migration, cortical connectivity, pruning, brain size and metabolism (phospholipids in particular), all of which may interact[8][9].
This multitude of underlying processes has rendered the concept of gyrification increasingly important for clinical diagnostics in recent years, since disturbances in the folding pattern — as determined by non-invasive neuroimaging — can be taken as indicators of neuropsychiatric diseases. Patients with schizophrenia or Williams syndrome, for example, can be readily distinguished from healthy control populations on the basis of gyrification measures[10].
References
- ↑ Hofman, M.A. (1989). "On the evolution and geometry of the brain in mammals.". Prog Neurobiol 32 (2): 137-58. Retrieved on 2008-04-22.
- ↑ Armstrong, E.; Schleicher, A.; Omran, H.; Curtis, M.; Zilles, K. (1995). "The Ontogeny of Human Gyrification". Cerebral Cortex 5 (1): 56-63. Retrieved on 2008-04-22.
- ↑ Mayhew, T.M.; Mwamengele, G.L.; Dantzer, V.; Williams, S. (1996). "The gyrification of mammalian cerebral cortex: quantitative evidence of anisomorphic surface expansion during phylogenetic and ontogenetic development.". Journal of Anatomy 188 (Pt 1): 53. Retrieved on 2008-04-22.
- ↑ Bartley, A.J.; Jones, D.W.; Weinberger, D.R.. "Genetic variability of human brain size and cortical gyral patterns". Brain 120 (2): 257-269. Retrieved on 2008-04-22.
- ↑ Chenn, Anjen; Walsh, Christopher A. (2002), "Regulation of Cerebral Cortical Size by Control of Cell Cycle Exit in Neural Precursors", Science 297 (5580): 365–9, DOI:10.1126/science.1074192 [e]
- ↑ Van Essen, D.C. (1997). "A tension-based theory of morphogenesis and compact wiring in the central nervous system". Nature 385 (6614): 313-8. Retrieved on 2008-04-22.
- ↑ Mora, T.; Boudaoud, A. (2006). "Buckling of swelling gels". The European Physical Journal E - Soft Matter 20 (2): 119-124. Retrieved on 2008-04-22.
- ↑ Price, D.J. (2004). "Lipids make smooth brains gyrate". Trends in Neurosciences 27 (7): 362-364. Retrieved on 2008-04-22.
- ↑ Toro, R.; Perron, M.; Pike, B.; Richer, L.; Veillette, S.; Pausova, Z.; Paus, T. (2008). "Brain Size and Folding of the Human Cerebral Cortex". Cerebral Cortex. Retrieved on 2008-04-22.
- ↑ Schmitt, J.E.; Watts, K.; Eliez, S.; Bellugi, U.; Galaburda, A.M.; Reiss, A.L. (2002). "Increased gyrification in Williams syndrome: evidence using 3D MRI methods". Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology 44 (5): 292-295. DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8749.2002.tb00813.x. Research Blogging.
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