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= Nguyen Ngoc Bich =
= Nguyen Ngoc Bich =
[[Nguyen Ngoc Bich]]
== Wikipedia ==
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draft:Nguyen_Ngoc_Bich Draft:Nguyen Ngoc Bich].  See [https://archive.org/details/nguyen-ngoc-bich-1911-1966-a-biography ''Nguyen Ngoc Bich (1911-1966): A Biography''.]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Egm4313.s12/Draft:Nguyen_Ngoc_Bich User:Egm4313.s12/Draft:Nguyen Ngoc Bich], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Egm4313.s12/Nguyen_Ngoc_Bich_(CZ) User:Egm4313.s12/Nguyen_Ngoc_Bich_(CZ)]


== Introduction ==
== Citizendium ==
[[File:Nguyen Ngoc Bich 1962.png|thumb|150px|left|Dr. Nguyen Ngoc Bich, 1962]]
* [[User:Loc_Vu-Quoc/sandbox]]
{{Infobox Person
* [[Nguyen Ngoc Bich]]
| name        = Nguyễn Ngọc Bích
* [[User:Loc_Vu-Quoc/Draft:Nguyen_Ngoc_Bich]]
| image        = <!-- Nguyen Ngoc Bich 1962.png --><!--Nguyen Ngoc Bich Minh Tan Logo.png--><!--File:Nguyen Ngoc Bich 1933 X.png-->[[File:Nguyen Ngoc Bich 1931 Ecole Polytechnique 2.png]]
| image_size  =
| caption      = As a student at [[École polytechnique]], 1931
| birth_date  = 18 May 1911
| birth_place  = [[Ben Tre]], [[Vietnam]]
| death_date  = 4 Dec 1966
| death_place  = [[Thu Duc]], [[Vietnam]]
| nationality  = Vietnamese
| citizenship  = [[South Vietnam]]
| alma_mater  = * [[École polytechnique]]
* [[École des ponts ParisTech|École nationale des ponts et chaussées]]
| occupation  = *Engineer
* Resistance fighter
* Medical doctor
* Politician
| years_active = 1935 - 1966
| known_for    = Resistance war, politics
| title        = Doctor (medical)
| signature    = Firefox 2023-03-17 08-51-44.png
}}
{{TOC|right}}
[[File:Nguyen Ngoc Bich 1931 Ecole Polytechnique 2.png|thumb|left|150px|Nguyen Ngoc Bich 1931, student at [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique École polytechnique].]]
[[File:Nguyen_Ngoc_Bich_1933_X.png|150px|thumb|left|Nguyen Ngoc Bich, circa 1933, student at [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique École polytechnique].]]
'''Nguyễn Ngọc Bích''' (1911–1966) was a French-educated engineer, a hero in the Vietnamese resistance against the French colonists,<ref name=Buttinger.1967b /><sup>:850. </sup> <sup>[[#Primary sources, quotations|Note]]</sup><span class="anchor" id="Primary sources, quotations jump1"></span> 
a French-educated medical doctor, an intellectual and politician, who proposed an alternative viewpoint to avoid the high-casualty, high-cost war between [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Vietnam North Vietnam] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Vietnam South Vietnam].<ref name=Nguyen-Ngoc-Bich />
 
The [[commons:File:Nguyen Ngoc Bich Street.png|Nguyen-Ngoc-Bich street]] in the city of [[Cần Thơ]], [[Vietnam]], was named after him to honor and commemorate his feats (of sabotaging bridges to slow down the colonial French-army advances) and heroism (being on the French most-wanted list,<ref name=Cooper.1970 /><sup>:122</sup> imprisoned, subjected to an "intensive and unpleasant interrogation"<ref name=Cooper.1970 /><sup>:122</sup> that left a mark on his forehead,<sup>[[#bich-injury|Note]]</sup><span class="anchor" id="bich-injury-jump"></span> and exiled) during the [[Indochinese revolution|First Indochina War]].
 
Upon graduating from the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique École polytechnique] (engineering military school under the French Ministry of Armed Forces) and then from the [[École des ponts ParisTech|École nationale des ponts et chaussées]] (civil engineering) in France in 1935,<!--{{sfn|Nguyen-Ngoc-Chau|2018}}--><ref name=NNC.2018 /> Dr. Bich returned to Vietnam to work for the French colonial government. After World War II, in 1945, he joined the [[Viet-Minh]], and became a senior commander in the Vietnamese resistance movement, and insisted on fighting for Vietnam's independence, not for communism.
 
<!--
<span style="background-color:yellow">I AM HERE 24.4.7.</span>
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Suspecting<sup>[[#NNBich-betrayed|Note]]<span class="anchor" id="NNBich-betrayed jump"></span></sup>
of being betrayed by the Communist faction<sup>[[#NNBich-betrayed|Note]]</sup><span class="anchor" id="NNBich-betrayed jump"></span> of the [[Viet-Minh]] and apprehended by the French forces, he was saved from execution by a campaign for amnesty by his [[École polytechnique]] classmates based in Vietnam, mostly high-level officers of the French army,<!--{{sfn|Tran-Thi-Lien|2002|p=299}}--><ref name=Tran-Thi-Lien /><sup>: 299</sup> and was subsequently exiled to France, where he founded with friends and managed the Vietnamese publishing house Minh Tan (in Paris), which published many important works for the Vietnamese literature.<sup>[[#Minh Tan|Note]]</sup><span class="anchor" id="Minh Tan jump"></span> In parallel, he studied medicine and became a medical doctor. He was highly regarded in Vietnamese politics, and was suggested by the French in 1954 as an alternative to [[Ngo Dinh Diem]] as the sixth [[Leaders_of_South_Vietnam#Prime_Ministers|prime minister]] of the [[State of Vietnam]] under the former Emperor [[Bao Dai]] as Head of State,<!--{{efn|See Section [[#Intellectual and politician|Intellectual and politician]] and Langguth (2000).{{sfn|Langguth|2000|p=84}}}}--><ref name=Langguth.2000 /><sup>:84</sup> who selected [[Ngo Dinh Diem]] as prime minister. While Bich's candidature for the 1961 presidential election in opposition to Diem was, however, declared invalid by the Saigon authorities at the last moment for "technical reasons",<!--{{sfn|Honey, P.J.|1962}}{{sfn|Nguyen-Ngoc-Chau|2018}}--><ref name=Honey.1962 /><ref name=NNC.2018 />, he was "regarded by many as a possible successor to President [[Ngo Dinh Diem]]".<ref name=Honey.1962 /> <sup>[[#Political influence|Note 1]], [[#China Quarterly|Note 2]]</sup><span class="anchor" id="Political influence jump"></span> <span class="anchor" id="China Quarterly jump"></span>
 
A large majority of the information in this article came from the master document
''Nguyen Ngoc Bich (1911–1966): A Biography,''<!--{{sfn|Nguyen-Ngoc-Chau|Vu-Quoc-Loc|2023}}--><ref name=NNC.VQL.2023 /> which contains even more information, including primary-source evidence and photos, than presented here.
 
Important historical events that affected [[Nguyen Ngoc Bich|Bich]]'s adult life, together with those mentioned in his 1962 paper (e.g., failed agrarian reform, napalm bombs, famine, conquest for rice, etc.) are summarized, in particular the atmosphere in which [[Nguyen Ngoc Bich|Bich]] had lived for ten years working for the French colonialists (from 1935 to 1945), and the historical conditions that drove this French-educated engineer to become a
"Francophile anticolonialist"<sup>[[#Francophile anticolonialists|Note 1]]<span class="anchor" id="Francophile anticolonialists jump"></span>, [[#Primary sources, quotations|Note 2]]</sup><span class="anchor" id="Primary sources, quotations jump2"></span> and to join the [[Viet Minh]] in 1945 (e.g., the French brutal repressions in 1940 and 1945, the power vacuum after the Japanese ''coup de force'' in 1945, [[Ho Chi Minh]]'s call for a general uprising from [[:vi:Chiến_khu_Tân_Trào|Tân Trào]], the 1945 [[August Revolution]], the Black Sunday on 1945 Sep 2 in Saigon, etc.).  The key principle is to summarize a historical event only when it was directly related to [[Nguyen Ngoc Bich|Bich]]'s activities.
Care is exercised in selecting references and quotations that complement, but not duplicate, other Wikipedia articles at the time of this writing.
For example, the history and the general use of [[napalm]] bombs, which [[Nguyen Ngoc Bich|Bich]] mentioned in his 1962 article, are not summarized.
Regarding the French using American-made [[napalm]] bombs in the [[First Indochina War]],
well-known battles<sup>[[#Napalm battles|Note]]</sup><span class="anchor" id="Napalm battles jump"></span> are also not summarized.
 
<!--See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typographic_alignment -->
<blockquote>
{| cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0
|-
! width="100%" | Bao Dai to de Gaulle
|-
| style="padding: 0 1.5em; text-align: justify;" | <span style="font-size:150%; color:blue">❝</span>I beg you to understand that the only means of safeguarding French interests and the spiritual influence of France in Indochina is to recognize the independence of Vietnam unreservedly and to renounce any idea of reestablishing French sovereignty or rule here in any form. . . . Even if you were to reestablish the French administration here, it would not be obeyed, and each village would be a nest of resistance. . . . We would be able to understand each other so easily and become friends if you would stop hoping to become our masters again.<span style="font-size:150%; color:blue">❞</span>
|-
| style="padding: 0 1.5em; text-align: right;" | --- [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bao_Dai Bao Dai], message to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/de_Gaulle de Gaulle] on 1945 Aug 20
|}
</blockquote>
 
== Notes ==
<span class="anchor" id="NNBich-betrayed"></span>
* <i>Betrayal suspicion:</i> On the betrayal suspicion, {{citation |last=Cooper |first=Chester L. |year=1970 |title=The Lost Crusade: America in Vietnam |publisher=Dood, Mead & Company, New York  |url=https://archive.org/details/lostcrusadeameri00coop/page/n5/mode/2up |url-access=registration |access-date=7 Mar 2023}}, p.123, wrote: "Whether the [[Viet Minh]] had actually betrayed him to French agents is not known for certain, but [[Nguyen Ngoc Bich|Bich]] always suspected that this was how he had been discovered," whereas the assertion that he "was betrayed by his Communist colleagues to the French" was written in the short biography that accompanied Bich's 1962 article, as written in  {{citation |editor=Honey, P.J. |title=Special Issue on Vietnam |journal=[[The China Quarterly]] |volume=9 |date=March 1962 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/china-quarterly/volume/0FB8E56075A0E2649EB01EC2BFB9ABFB |url-access=subscription |access-date=18 Feb 2023}}.  [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/china-quarterly/volume/0FB8E56075A0E2649EB01EC2BFB9ABFB Volume 9].  See the [[#China Quarterly|Note on the China Quarterly]]<span class="anchor" id="China Quarterly jump2"></span>.
:Back to [[#NNBich-betrayed jump|Jump link "Note"]].
 
<span class="anchor" id="bich-injury"></span>
* <i>Bich's injury:</i> A photo showing the injury mark on the forefront of Dr. Bich as a result of this "intensive and unpleasant interrogation" can be found in ''Nguyen Ngoc Bich (1911–1966): A Biography.''<ref name=NNC.VQL.2023/>
:Back to [[#bich-injury-jump|Jump link "Note"]].
 
<span class="anchor" id="China Quarterly"></span>
* <i>China Quarterly:</i> The [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/china-quarterly/article/editorial/5958FFC9348ED8A5B69E462E3B72B806 Editorial] of [[The China Quarterly]], [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/china-quarterly/volume/0FB8E56075A0E2649EB01EC2BFB9ABFB Volume 9], reads: "Five of our articles are by specialists who have observed the Hanoi regime from a distance. M. Tongas and Mr. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoang_Van_Chi Hoang Van Chi] are writing on the basis of personal experience. Dr. Bich presents an independent view of the whole Vietnamese situation.  This issue contained the articles written by several well-known intellectuals on Vietnam history and politics such as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_B._Fall Bernard B. Fall], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoang_Van_Chi Hoang Van Chi], Phillipe Devillers (See [https://indomemoires.hypotheses.org/21651 Philippe Devillers (1920–2016), un secret nommé Viêt-Nam, Mémoires d'Indochine], [https://web.archive.org/web/20220629093316/https://indomemoires.hypotheses.org/21651 Internet archived 2022.06.29]), [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._J._Honey P. J. Honey], William Kaye (see e.g., [https://www.jstor.org/stable/651693 A Bowl of Rice Divided: The Economy of North Vietnam, 1962]),  Gerard Tongas, among others.  See the [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/china-quarterly/article/editorial/5958FFC9348ED8A5B69E462E3B72B806 Editorial] and the [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/china-quarterly/article/abs/contributors/DFA1B1B34B49325008EAB9EB582BF0DE brief introduction of the contributors].
:Back to [[#China Quarterly jump|Jump link "Note" 1]], [[#China Quarterly jump2|Jump link "Note" 2]].
 
<span class="anchor" id="Francophile anticolonialists"></span>
* <i>Francophile anticolonialists:</i> "French teachings and models over Confucian ones. Some of these teachings were, to say the least, unhelpful to the colonial enterprise.  Voltaire's condemnation of tyranny, Rousseau's embrace of popular sovereignty, and Victor Hugo's advocacy of liberty and defense of workers' uprisings turned some Vietnamese into that curious creature found also elsewhere in the empire: the Francophile anticolonialist."<ref name=Logevall.2012/><sup>:9</sup>
: Back to [[#Francophile anticolonialists jump|Jump link "Note"]].  Back to [[#First Indochina War|First Indochina War]]
 
<span class="anchor" id="Minh Tan"></span>
* <i>Minh Tan book list:</i>  A list of important books published by Minh Tan can be found in [https://archive.org/details/nguyen-ngoc-bich-1911-1966-a-biography Nguyen Ngoc Bich (1911–1966): A Biography].
: Back to [[#Minh Tan jump|Jump link "Note"]].
 
<span class="anchor" id="Napalm battles"></span>
* <i>Napalm battles:</i> See, e.g., the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_V%C4%A9nh_Y%C3%AAn battle of Vinh Yen] (1951), the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_N%C3%A0_S%E1%BA%A3n battle of Na San] (1952), the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Dien_Bien_Phu battle of Dien Bien Phu] (1954), etc.
:Back to [[#Napalm battles jump|Jump link "Note"]].
 
<!--
<ref name=fn1-TCQ-NNB-bio>
<b>Note:</b>
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<span class="anchor" id="Political influence"></span>
* <i>Political influence:</i>  A direct quote from the [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/china-quarterly/article/abs/contributors/DFA1B1B34B49325008EAB9EB582BF0DE brief introduction of the contributors] to [[The China Quarterly]], [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/china-quarterly/volume/0FB8E56075A0E2649EB01EC2BFB9ABFB Volume 9], 1962, reads: Dr. Bich's "personal influence upon Cochin Chinese opinion is considerable, and he is regarded by many as a possible successor to President Ngo Dinh Diem".
:Back to [[#Political influence jump|Jump link "Note"]].
 
<span class="anchor" id="Primary sources, quotations"></span>
* <i>Primary sources, quotations:</i> See primary sources, extensive notes and quotations in ''Nguyen Ngoc Bich (1911–1966): A Biography''<ref name=NNC.VQL.2023/> and ''Notes on Vietnam History.''<ref name=VQL.2023a/>
:Back to [[#Primary sources, quotations jump1|Jump link "Note" 1]], [[#Primary sources, quotations jump2|Jump link "Note" 2]].
 
== References ==
<!--{{Reflist|30em}}-->
 
<references>
 
<!-- Notes: All Notes are grouped at the beginning, above the references -->
 
<!-- References: All references are grouped after the Notes -->
<!-- below are the references, not Notes -->
<!--
<ref name=Buttinger.1967a>
{{citation |last=[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Buttinger Buttinger] |first=Joseph |year=1967a |title=Vietnam: A Dragon Embattled, Vol.1  |publisher=Frederik A. Praegers, New York  |url=https://archive.org/details/vietnamdragonemb01butt/page/n5/mode/2up |url-access=registration |access-date=25 Feb 2023}}
</ref>
-->
 
<ref name=Buttinger.1967b>
{{citation |last=[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Buttinger Buttinger] |first=Joseph |year=1967b |title=Vietnam: A Dragon Embattled, Vol.2  |publisher=Frederik A. Praegers, New York  |url=https://archive.org/details/vietnamdragonemb02butt/page/n5/mode/2up |url-access=registration |access-date=25 Feb 2023}}
</ref>
 
<ref name=Cooper.1970>
<!--Cooper, 1970, p=122.-->
{{citation |last=Cooper |first=Chester L. |year=1970 |title=The Lost Crusade: America in Vietnam |publisher=Dood, Mead & Company, New York  |url=https://archive.org/details/lostcrusadeameri00coop/page/n5/mode/2up |url-access=registration |access-date=7 Mar 2023}}
</ref>
 
<ref name=Honey.1962>
{{citation |editor=Honey, P.J. |title=Special Issue on Vietnam |journal=[[The China Quarterly]] |volume=9 |date=March 1962 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/china-quarterly/volume/0FB8E56075A0E2649EB01EC2BFB9ABFB |url-access=subscription |access-date=18 Feb 2023}}. 
</ref>
 
<ref name=Langguth.2000>
{{citation |last=[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._J._Langguth Langguth] |first=Arthur John |year=2000 |title=Our Vietnam: The war, 1954–1975 |publisher=Simon & Schuster, New York  |url=https://archive.org/details/ourvietnam00ajla |url-access=registration |access-date=14 Mar 2023}}
</ref>
 
<ref name=Logevall.2012>
{{citation |last=Logevall | first=Fredrik |year=2012 |title=Embers of War: The Fall of an Empire and the Making of America's Vietnam |url=https://archive.org/details/embersofwarfallo0000loge |url-access=registration |access-date=12 Apr 2012 |publisher=Random House, New York}}, 864 pp. Winner of the [https://www.pulitzer.org/winners/fredrik-logevall 2013 Pulitzer Prize in History]: "''For a distinguished and appropriately documented book on the history of the United States, Ten thousand dollars ($10,000).''  A balanced, deeply researched history of how, as French colonial rule faltered, a succession of American leaders moved step by step down a road toward full-blown war"  • Winner of the [https://sah.columbia.edu/content/prizes/francis-parkman-prize/2013-fredrik-logevall-embers-war-fall-empire-and-making 2013 Francis Parkman Prize from the Society of American Historians] • Winner of the [https://americanlibraryinparis.org/fredrik-logevall-reflects-on-vietnam-different-dreams-same-footsteps/ 2013 American Library in Paris Book Award] • Winner of the Council on Foreign Relations [https://www.cfr.org/past-winners-arthur-ross-book-award 2013 Gold Medal] [https://www.cfr.org/arthur-ross-book-award Arthur Ross Book Award] • Finalist for the [https://www.cundillprize.com/winners/2013 2013 Cundill Prize in Historical Literature].
</ref>
 
 
<!--
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[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napalm Napalm]
</ref>
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<ref name=Nguyen-Ngoc-Bich>
{{citation |last=Nguyen-Ngoc-Bich |title=Vietnam—An Independent Viewpoint |journal=[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_China_Quarterly The China Quarterly] |volume=9 |date=March 1962 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/china-quarterly/article/abs/vietnaman-independent-viewpoint/91FC9BBCE8F39A365B303AC4118BEBC6 |url-access=subscription |access-date=18 Feb 2023}}, pp. 105–111.  See also the contents of [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/china-quarterly/volume/0FB8E56075A0E2649EB01EC2BFB9ABFB Volume 9], which included the articles of many well-known experts on Vietnam history and politics such as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_B._Fall Bernard B. Fall], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoang_Van_Chi Hoang Van Chi], Phillipe Devillers (see, e.g., his classic 1952 book ''Histoire du Viet-Nam'' in Section [[#References|References]] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Cochinchina#cite_ref-41 French French Cochinchina, Ref. 40]), [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._J._Honey P. J. Honey]<!--(see, e.g., his [https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/2300EAC28055ADB13CD8B21AF51F3BBE/S0305741000025340a.pdf/lenfer_communiste_au_nord_vietnam_by_gerard_tongas_paris_les_nouvelles_editions_debresse_1961_463_pp_18_new_francs.pdf review of Tongas' ''Enfer Communiste'']), William Kaye (see, e.g., [https://www.jstor.org/stable/651693 A Bowl of Rice Divided: The Economy of North Vietnam, 1962])-->,  Gerard Tongas (see, e.g, [https://www.abebooks.com/Jai-v%C3%A9cu-lEnfer-Communiste-Nord-Viet-Nam/31061452118/bd ''J'ai vécu dans l'Enfer Communiste au Nord Viet-Nam''], Debresse, Paris, 1961, [https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/2300EAC28055ADB13CD8B21AF51F3BBE/S0305741000025340a.pdf/lenfer_communiste_au_nord_vietnam_by_gerard_tongas_paris_les_nouvelles_editions_debresse_1961_463_pp_18_new_francs.pdf reviewed]] by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._J._Honey P. J. Honey]), among others.
</ref>
 
<ref name=NNC.2018>
{{citation |last=Nguyen-Ngoc-Chau |year=2018 |title=Le Temps des Ancêtres: Une famille vietnamienne dans sa traversée du XXe siècle |publisher=L'Harmattan, Paris, France |url=https://www.editions-harmattan.fr/livre-le_temps_des_ancetres_une_famille_vietnamienne_dans_sa_traversee_du_xxe_siecle_chau_nguyen_ngoc-9782343140834-58952.html |access-date=18 Feb 2023}}.  Preface by historian Pierre Brocheux.
</ref>
 
<ref name=NNC.VQL.2023>
{{citation |last1=Nguyen-Ngoc-Chau |last2=Vu-Quoc-Loc |year=2023 |title=Nguyen Ngoc Bich (1911–1966): A Biography |url=https://archive.org/details/nguyen-ngoc-bich-1911-1966-a-biography |publisher=Internet Archive |access-date=21 Mar 2023}}, [[CC-BY-SA 4.0]]. ([https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Le5jRNs4Ib0FYTZkBdG2tlpAo0jH6q52/view?usp=share_link Backup copy].) Much of the information in the present article came from this biography, which also contains many relevant and informative photos not displayed here.
</ref>
 
 
<ref name=Tran-Thi-Lien >
{{citation |last=Tran-Thi-Lien |year=2002 |chapter=Henriette Bui: The narrative of Vietnam's first woman doctor |pages=278–309 |title=Viêt Nam Exposé: French Scholarship on Twentieth-Century Vietnamese Society |editor=Gisele Bousquet and Pierre Brocheux |url=https://doi.org/10.3998/mpub.12124 |publisher=University of Michigan Press |doi=10.3998/mpub.12124 |isbn=9780472098057 }}. [https://books.google.com/books?id=aPQfqQB_7K0C&dq=Bui+Quang+Chieu+Ngoc+Bich&pg=PA281 Google Book] (search for "Bui Quang Chieu Ngoc Bich"), accessed 20 May 2023.
</ref>
 
 
<ref name=VQL.2023a>
{{citation |last=Vu Quoc Loc |year=2023a |title=Notes on Vietnam History |url=https://archive.org/details/notes-on-vietnam-history |publisher=Internet Archive |access-date=27 Jun 2023 }}, [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ CC BY-SA 4.0].
</ref>
 
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{{citation |last=Vu-Quoc-Loc |year=2023b |title=Marco Polo's Caugigu - Phạm Ngũ Lão's Đại Việt - 1285 |url=https://archive.org/details/marco-polo-caugigu-pham-ngu-lao-dai-viet-1285 |publisher=Internet Archive |access-date=23 Apr 2023}}, [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ CC BY-SA 4.0].
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</references>
 
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Latest revision as of 14:37, 17 May 2024

Nguyen Ngoc Bich

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